The fuel-saving cruising technique is the momentous part of economical driving, of which the key issue is how to identify the fuel-saving operating strategies. The pulse-and-glide (PnG) cruising strategy for road vehicles with discrete gear ratio transmission is presented aiming to minimize the fuel consumption in cruising scenarios. The optimization of PnG cruising strategy naturally casts into the optimal control framework. The studied vehicle is featured with strong nonlinear fuel characteristics in engine and different dynamics in the pulse and the glide modes. Those features lead to a non-smooth switching problem, for which the multi-phase knotting technique is employed to cut this problem into two smooth sub-phases, i.e., accelerating and coasting. The pseudo-spectral method is employed to convert the differential type space state equation and integral type performance index. The associated nonlinear programming is finally solved to achieve optimal engine torque, transmission gear ratio, and switching time of pulse and glide. The optimization results show that for the studied vehicle, the PnG strategy can save fuel when cruising at middle speed as compared to the constant speed (CS) operation, and the highest fuel saving rate can reach up to 25%. The mechanism of PnG is discussed, and the fuel saving performance is verified by the real-vehicle tests.
XU Shaobing
,
LIU Xuedong
,
LI Shengbo
,
DU Xuejin
,
LIN Qingfeng
,
CHENG Bo
. Fuel-saving Pulse-and-glide Cruising Strategy for Road Vehicles with Discrete Gear Ratio[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2017
, 53(14)
: 49
-58
.
DOI: 10.3901/JME.2017.14.049
[1] BARKENBUS J N. Eco-driving:An overlooked climate change initiative[J]. Energy Policy, 2010, 38(2):762-769.
[2] BARTH M, BORIBOONSOMSIN K. Energy and emissions impacts of a freeway-based dynamic eco-driving system[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment, 2009, 14(6):400-410.
[3] 李升波, 徐少兵, 王文军, 等. 汽车经济性驾驶技术及应用概述[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2014, 5(2):121-131. LI Shengbo, XU Shaobing, WANG Wenjun, et al. Overview of ecological driving technology and application for ground vehicles[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2014, 5(2):121-131.
[4] LI S, XU S, HUANG X, CHENG B, et al. Eco-departure of connected vehicles with V2X communication at signalized intersections[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2015, 64(12):5439-5449.
[5] XU S, LI S, CHENG B, et al. Instantaneous feedback control for fuel-prioritized vehicle cruising system on highways with varying slope.[J].IEEE Transaction on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2017, 18(5):1210-1220.
[6] TONG H Y, HUNG W T, CHEUNG C S. On-road motor vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in urban driving conditions[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2000, 50(4):543-554.
[7] ERICSSON E. Independent driving pattern factors and their influence on fuel-use and exhaust emission factors[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment, 2001, 6(5):325-345.
[8] LI S E, PENG H. Strategies to minimize the fuel consumption of passenger cars during car-following scenarios[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2012, 226(3):419-429.
[9] LI S E, PENG H, LI K, et al. Minimum fuel control strategy in automated car-following scenarios[J]. IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, 2012, 61(3):998-1007.
[10] LEE J, NELSON D J, LOHSE-BUSCH H. Vehicle inertia impact on fuel consumption of conventional and hybrid electric vehicles using acceleration and coast driving strategy[R]. SAE, 2009-01-1322, 2009.
[11] IOANNOU P A, CHIEN C C. Autonomous intelligent cruise control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Techndogy, 1993, 42(4):657-672.
[12] LABINAZ G, BAYOUMI M M, RUDIE K. A survey of modeling and control of hybrid systems[J]. Annual Reviews in Control, 1997, 21:79-92.
[13] SHAKOURI P, ORDYS A, DARNELL P, et al. Fuel efficiency by coasting in the vehicle[J] International Journal of Vehicular Technology, 2013, 2013(1):1-14.
[14] SUZUKI T, MORIMOTO Y, HAMADA H, et al. Fuel cut-off control system in fuel injection internal combustion engine with automatic power transmission:U.S., 4539643[P]. 1985-09-03.
[15] 格里什克维奇. 电子计算机在汽车设计与计算中的应用[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,1983. GRISHKEVICH. Computer applications in automotive design and calculation[M]. Beijing:China Communications Press, 1983.
[16] ROSS I M, FAHROO F. Pseudospectral knotting methods for solving non-smooth optimal control problems[J]. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 2004, 27(3):397-405.
[17] ELNAGAR G, KAZEMI M A, RAZZAGHI M. The pseudospectral Legendre method for discretizing optimal control problems[J]. IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, 1995, 40(10):1793-1796.
[18] XU S, LI S E, DENG K, et al. A unified pseudospectral computational framework for optimal control of road vehicles[J]. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, 2015, 20(4):1499-1510.
[19] GARG D, PATTERSON M, HAGER W W, et al. A unified framework for the numerical solution of optimal control problems using pseudospectral methods[J]. Automatica, 2010, 46(11):1843-1851.
[20] GILL P E, MURRAY W, SAUNDERS M A. SNOPT:An SQP algorithm for large-scale constrained optimization[J]. SIAM Review, 2005, 47(1):99-131.
