随着超声相控阵技术的发展，其系统往往不仅支持的可同时工作的通道数量越来越多，而且回波数字化频率也越来越高，这将使得超声相控阵检测系统在运行中产生需要实时处理与实时传输的海量回波数据，给系统的数字接收波束形成器设计带来了挑战。为此，设计并实现一种基于多硬件处理核心的两级结构的数字波束形成器：一方面，波束形成器的硬件处理核心采用多个现场可编程逻辑门阵列(Field programmable gate array, FPGA)来实现多通道海量的回波数据处理，并且硬件处理核心间通过专用机制保证可靠地同步；另一方面，引入高速串行总线来保证多硬件处理核心间的高速海量回波数据的实时传输。结果表明该设计能够满足64通道、200 MSPS数字化频率下的实时数字波束形成实现。
As ultrasonic phased array technology develops, the number of supported channels in the system increases and the echo digitalization frequency gets higher. The massive data to be processed and transmitted in real time brought by the large number of supported channels and the high frequency of echo digitizer during inspection raise challenges in the digital beamformer design in ultrasonic phased array system. Therefore, a multi-core hardware based two-stage digital beamformer of using FPGA was designed and implemeted to process massive data in real time. System accuracy would be ensured by introducing the system synchronization mechanism. Also, high-speed serial bus was adopted for the transmission of massive data in real time. Test shows that the design can run at the condition of 64 channels and 200 MSPS digitalization frequency.
[1] 冯若. 超声手册[M]. 南京：南京大学出版社, 1990. FENG Ruo. Ultrasonics handbook[M]. Nanjing：Nanjing University Press, 1990.
[2] Olympus NDT. Advances in phased array ultrasonic technology applications[M]. Waltham：Olympus NDT, 2007.
[3] DRINKWATER B W, WILCOX P D. Ultrasonic arrays for non-destructive evaluation：A review[J]. NDT & E International, 2006. 39(7)：525-541.
[4] 林莉, 杨平华, 张东辉，等. 厚壁铸造奥氏体不锈钢管道焊缝超声相控阵检测技术概述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2012, 48(4)：12-20. LIN Li, YANG Pinghua, ZHANG Donghui, et al. Review of phased array ultrasonic testing for thick wall cast austenitic stainless steel pipeline welds[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 48(4)：12-20.
[5] 孔超, 冀映辉, 蔡炜，等. 超声相控阵控制、采集与全并行处理系统设计[J]. 应用声学, 2011, 30(2)：105-111. KONG Chao, JI Yinghui, CAI Wei, et al. The design of control-acquisition and fully parallel processing phased array ultrasonic system[J]. Applied Acoustics, 2011, 30(2)：105-111.
[6] 齐雁, 谭冠政, 范必双. 基于FPGA的医学超声成像数字波束合成器设计[J]. 计算机测量与控制, 2010, 18(4)：896-899. QI Yan, TAN Guanzheng, FAN Bishuang. Design of FPGA-based digital beamformer in medical ultrasound imaging[J]. Computer Measurement & Control, 2010, 18(4)：896-899.
[7] 詹湘琳, 陈世利, 张宇，等. 超声相控阵在管道缺陷检测中的优化设计[J]. 仪器仪表学报, 2006, 27(6)：1581-1582. ZHAN Xianglin, CHEN Shili, ZHANG Yu, et al. Optimum design of ultrasonic phased array in flaw detection of pipeline[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2006, 27(6)：1581-1582.
[8] 杨斌. 超声相控阵系统中高精度触发系统研究[D]. 太原：中北大学, 2007. YANG Bin. Research on high-precision phased ultrasonic transmission in phased array ultrasonic system[D]. Taiyuan：North Central University, 2007.
[9] 周海鹏. 相控阵超声检测系统相关技术的研究[D]. 大连：大连理工大学, 2005. ZHOU Haipeng. Research on phased array ultrasonic testing system technology[D]. Dalian：Dalian University of Technology, 2005.
[10] 许琴. 超声成像中波束形成算法研究[D]. 重庆：重庆大学, 2012. XU Qin. Study on beamforming algorithm of ultrasound imaging[D]. Chongqing：Chongqing University, 2012.
[11] 孙芳. 超声相控阵技术若干关键问题的研究[D]. 天津：天津大学, 2012. SUN Fang. Research on several key issues of ultrasonic phased array technology[D]. Tianjin：Tianjing University, 2012.
[12] Olympus NDT. Phased array testing：Basic theory for industrial applications[M]. Waltham：Olympus NDT, 2010.
[13] 施克仁, 郭寓岷. 相控阵超声成像检测[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社, 2010. SHI Keren, GUO Yuming. Phased array ultrasonic imaging and testing[M]. Beijing：Higher Education Press, 2010.
[14] PETERSON D K, KINO G S. Real-time digital image reconstruction：A description of imaging hardware and an analysis of quantization errors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, 1984, 31(4)：337-351.
[15] 杨平华, 林莉, 刘春伟，等. 相控阵超声检测横向分辨力实验测试及分析[J]. 仪器仪表学报, 2011, 32(6)：1384-1389. YANG Pinghua, LIN Li, LIU Chunwei, at el. Experimental measurement and analysis of the lateral resolution of phased array ultrasonic detection[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2011, 32(6)： 1384-1389.
[16] 张晓辉, 张凯, 邱文静. 超声诊断仪中数字波束形成的设计[J]. 现代生物医学进展, 2009, 9(1)：128-130. ZHANG Xiaohui, ZHANG Kai, QIU Wenjing. Design of digital beamforming in diagnostic ultrasound[J]. Progress in Modern Biomedicine，2009, 9(1)：128-130.
[17] 舒淑丽, 汤文文, 王靓. 数字插值波束形成器在医学超声成像中的应用[J]. 中国医疗器械杂志, 2007, 31(5)：328-329. SHU Shuli, TANG Wenwen, WANG Liang. Digital interpolation beamformer in medical ultrasound imaging[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Instrumentation, 2007, 21(5)：328-329.
[18] ATHAVALE A, CHRISTENSEN C. High-speed serial I/O made simple：A designer’s guide with FPGA applications[M]. San Jose：Xcell Publications，2005.
[19] 鲍晓宇, 施克仁, 陈以方，等. 超声相控阵系统中相控发射与同步的实现[J]. 无损检测，2003, 25(10)：507-510. BAO Xiaoyu, SHI Keren, CHEN Yifang, et al. Realization of phased–controlled transmission and synchronization of ultrasonic phased array system[J]. NDT, 2003, 25(10)：507-510.
