合理的设计评价载荷是科学评价轴承设计结果、确保其具有期望可靠性水平的基础。根据轮对各部件机械载荷的相关性，建立了来自于标准AAR M 934轴承寿命预测与台架试验、EN 12082轴承台架试验、EN 13979-1中考核车轮设计疲劳强度、EN13103/EN13104及JIS E 4501考核车轴疲劳强度的轴承载荷确定方法。应用标准ISO 281规定的轴承性能分析及概率寿命预测方法，通过某35.7 t轴重铁路货车轴颈轴承的分析，说明了现有标准相关的轴承载荷差异很大，轴向载荷对概率寿命评估结果的影响很大，现有不考虑或微弱考虑轴向载荷，以及以特定工况来考核轮对部件设计疲劳强度的标准载荷条件，不适宜应用于轴承设计评估载荷；标准JIS E 4501规定的轮对载荷，比较适宜货车轴颈轴承与机车轴箱轴承的设计评价载荷；标准EN 13103/EN13104规定的轮对载荷，比较适宜客车与动车组轴箱轴承的设计评估载荷；标准EN 12082规定的载荷条件，有利于在短时间严格考核轴承。

Reasonable load sets for design assessment is a basis of assuring correct estimation on design and manufacturing quality with an expected reliability level. Possible load sets are synthetically formulated, respectively, from the regular load sets for bearing probabilistic rating life estimation and rig test by codes AAR M 934 and EN 12082, the wheelset load sets for wheel/axle design fatigue strength check by codes EN 13979-1/EN 13103/EN 13104 and JIS E 4501. Bearing capacity and probabilistic rating life L10 estimations are coded by ISO 281. Effects of the possible load sets are compared through application to the journal bearing of a freight car with 37.5 t axle weigh. Results reveal that the possible load sets are not consistency each other. The probabilistic lives are significantly affected by the axial loads. The load sets without axial loads or weak axial loads are invalid. The load set corresponding to the wheelset load set coded by JIS E 4501 may be suitable for the journal/axlebox bearing of wagon and locomotive. The load sets by EN 13103/EN 13104 may be good for passenger car and EMU. And the load set by EN 12082 may be well strictly applied for bearing rig tests in a limited time regime.