Review

A Review on Friction Stir Welding of Steels

  • Dhanesh G Mohan ,
  • ChuanSong Wu
Expand
  • Institute of Materials Joining, Shandong University, Jinan, 250016, China

Received date: 2021-06-22

  Revised date: 2021-10-04

  Online published: 2022-04-03

Supported by

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51842507).

Abstract

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is the most promising solid-state metals joining method introduced in this era. Compared to the conventional fusion welding methods, this FSW can produce joints with higher mechanical and metallurgical properties. Formerly, FSW was adopted for low melting metals like aluminum alloys. In recent years it has made significant progress in friction stir welding of steels since unfavourable phase transformations occurred in welds due to the melting of the parent and filler metals in fusion welding can be eliminated. The main advantage of FSW over traditional fusion welding is the reduction in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the joints exhibit excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. This article reviews the progress in the relevant issues such as the FSW tool materials and tool profiles for joining steels, microstructure and mechanical properties of steels joints, special problems in joining dissimilar steels. Moreover, in-situ heating sources was used to overcome the main limitations in FSW of hard metals and their alloys, i.e., tool damages and insufficient heat generation. Different in-situ heating sources like laser, induction heat, gas tungsten arc welding assisted FSW for various types of steels are introduced in this review. On the basis of the up-to-date status, some problems that need further investigation are put forward.

Cite this article

Dhanesh G Mohan , ChuanSong Wu . A Review on Friction Stir Welding of Steels[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021 , 34(6) : 137 -137 . DOI: 10.1186/s10033-021-00655-3

References

[1] Y S Sato, H Kokawa, H T Fujii, et al. Mechanical properties and microstructure of dissimilar friction stir welds of 11Cr-Ferritic/Martensitic steel to 316 stainless steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A:Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 2015, 46(12):5789-5800.
[2] M Hajian, A Abdollah-zadeh, S S Rezaei-Nejad, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AISI 316L stainless steel. Materials and Design, 2015, 67:82-94.
[3] V Msomi, S Mabuwa. Analysis of material positioning towards microstructure of the friction stir processed AA1050/AA6082 dissimilar joint. Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 2020, 1:100002.
[4] X Xu, X Ren, H Hou, et al. Effects of cryogenic and annealing treatment on microstructure and properties of friction stir welded TA15 joints. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2021, 804:140750.
[5] Y Hu, H Liu, D Li. Contribution of ultrasonic to microstructure and mechanical properties of tilt probe penetrating friction stir welded joint. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2021,85:205-217.
[6] V Karami, B M Dariani, R Hashemi. Investigation of forming limit curves and mechanical properties of 316 stainless steel/St37 steel tailor-welded blanks produced by tungsten inert gas and friction stir welding method. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2021, 32:437-446.
[7] R Padmanaban, V Balusamy, V R aira Vignesh. Effect of friction stir welding process parameters on the tensile strength of dissimilar aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 joints. Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik, 2020, 51(1):17-27.
[8] D G Mohan, S Gopi. Influence of In-situ induction heated friction stir welding on tensile, microhardness, corrosion resistance and microstructural properties of martensitic steel. Engineering Research Express, 2021, 3(2):025023.
[9] O Abedini, E Ranjbarnodeh, P Marashi. Effect of tool geometry and welding parameters on the microstructure and static strength of the friction-stir spot-welded DP780 dual-phase steel sheets. Materiali in Tehnologije, 2017, 51(4):687-694.
[10] D Avula, V Devuri, M Cheepu, et al. Tensile properties of friction stir welded joints of AA 2024-T6 alloy at different welding speeds. IOP Conference Series:Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 330(1).
[11] D G Mohan, S Gopi, A Sasikumar. Examining the mechanical and metallurgical properties of single pass friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys Tee joints. SVOA Materials Science &Technology, 2021, 3(1):6-12.
[12] C R Renjith, Raghupathy R, D G Mohan. Optimization of process parameters for friction stir lap welding of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys using Taguchi technique. IJRTS, 2016, 3(4):2348-1439.
[13] L Selvarajan, R Sasikumar, D G Mohan, et al. Investigations on electrochemical machining (ECM) of Al7075 material using the copper electrode for improving geometrical tolerance. Materials Today:Proceedings, 2019, 27:2708-2712.
[14] L Selvarajan, R Rajavel, B Prakash, et al. Investigation on spark electrical discharge machining of Si3N4 based advanced conductive ceramic composites. Materials Today:Proceedings, 2019, 27:2174-2178.
[15] D G Mohan, S Gopi. A review on friction stir welded T-joint. IJSTE-International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering, 2016, 2(07):40-45.
[16] D G Mohan, S Gopi. Induction assisted friction stir welding:A review. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 18(1):119-123.
[17] L Cui, C Zhang, Y Liu. Recent progress in friction stir welding tools used for steels. J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2018, 25:477-486.
[18] D G Mohan, S Gopi, V Rajasekar. Effect of induction heated friction stir welding on corrosive behaviour, mechanical properties and microstructure of AISI 410 stainless steel. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 2018, 25(3):203-208.
[19] H Fujii, L Cui, K Nakata.Mechanical properties of friction stir welded carbon steel joints-Friction stir welding with and without transformation.Weld World, 2008,52:75-81.
[20] E Reza, M Rabby, K Ross, et al. Solid-state joining of thick-section dissimilar materials using a new friction stir dovetailing (FSD) process. Minerals, Metals and Materials Series, 2017, 9783319523828:67-77.
[21] A I Álvarez, M García, G Pena, et al. Evaluation of an induction-assisted friction stir welding technique for super duplex stainless steels. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2014, 46(10-11):892-896.
[22] A Sasikumar, S Gopi, D G Mohan. Effect of welding speed on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance rates of filler induced friction stir welded AA6082 and AA5052 joints. Mater. Res. Express, 2021, 8(6):066531.
[23] A Sasikumar, S Gopi, D G Mohan. Effect of magnesium and chromium fillers on the microstructure and tensile strength of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys. Materials Research Express, 2019, 6(8).
[24] N A Muhammad, C Wu, G K Padhy. Review:Progress and trends in ultrasonic vibration assisted friction stir welding. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (New Series), 2018, 25(3):16-42.
[25] P Xue, X Zhang, L Wu, et al. Research progress on friction stir welding and processing. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2016, 52(10):1222-1238.
[26] Y Zhang, Y S Sato, H Kokawa, et al. Stir zone microstructure of commercial purity titanium friction stir welded using PCBN tool. Mater. Sci. Eng.-Lausanne- A, 2008, 488(1-2):25-30.
[27] B Mortazavi, G Cuniberti. Mechanical properties of polycrystalline boron-nitride nanosheets. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(37):19137-19143.
[28] M A Siddiqui, S Jafri, P Bharti, et al. Friction stir welding as a joining process through modified conventional milling machine?:A review. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 2014, 3(7):149-153.
[29] G K Padhy, C S Wu, S Gao. Auxiliary energy assisted friction stir welding-Status review. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2015, 20(8):631-649.
[30] M Imam, R Ueji, H Fujii. Effect of online rapid cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded medium carbon steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2016, 230:62-71.
[31] Y M Hwang, C H Lin. Friction stir welding of dissimilar metal sheets. Steel Research International, 2010, 81(9):1076-1079.
[32] A Mishra. A review on the effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints. Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 2019, 5(3-4):24-27.
[33] K K Jangra, N Sharma, R Khanna, et al. An experimental investigation and optimization of friction stir welding process for AA6082 T6 (cryogenic treated and untreated) using an integrated approach of Taguchi, grey relational analysis and entropy method. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:Journal of Materials:Design and Applications, 2016, 230(2):454-469.
[34] P Baillie, S W Campbell, A M Galloway, et al. Friction stir welding of 6mm thick carbon steel underwater and in air. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2015, 20(7):585-593.
[35] A Banik, J D Barma, R Singh, et al. A study on the effect of varying revolution pitch for different tool design:Friction stir welding of AA 6061-T6. In:K Shanker, R Shankar, R Sindhwani, eds. Advances in industrial and production engineering. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, Springer, Singapore, 2019.
[36] L N Brewer, M S Bennett, B W Baker, et al. Characterization of residual stress as a function of friction stir welding parameters in oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel MA956. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2015, 647:313-321.
[37] H Dawson, M Serrano, S Cater, et al. Residual stress distribution in friction stir welded ODS steel measured by neutron diffraction. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2017, 246:305-312.
[38] H Dawson, M Serrano, R Hernandez, et al. Mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of ODS steel friction stir welds at variable temperatures. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2017, 693:84-92
[39] A K Lakshminarayanan, V Balasubramanian. Characteristics of laser beam and friction stir welded AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2012, 21(4):530-539.
[40] T Wang, M Komarasamy, S Shukla, et al. Simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility in an AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy via friction stir processing. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 766:312-317.
[41] A Tribe, T W Nelson. Study on the fracture toughness of friction stir welded API X80. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2015, 150:58-69.
[42] M Esmailzadeh, M Shamanian, A Kermanpur, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded lean duplex stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2013, 561:486-491.
[43] J Jeon, S Mironov, Y S Sato, et al. Anisotropy of structural response of single crystal austenitic stainless steel to friction stir welding. Acta Materialia, 2013, 61(9):3465-3472.
[44] Y C Chen, H Fujii, T Tsumura, et al. Banded structure and its distribution in friction stir processing of 316L austenitic stainless steel. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2012, 420(1-3).
[45] A K Lakshminarayanan, V Balasubramanian. Assessment of sensitization resistance of AISI 409M grade ferritic stainless steel joints using modified Strauss test. Materials & Design, 2012, 39:175-185.
[46] D M Sekban, S M Aktarer, P Xue, et al. Impact toughness of friction stir processed low carbon steel used in shipbuilding. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2016, 672:40-48.
[47] Y Sun, H Fujii, H Imai, et al. Suppression of hydrogen-induced damage in friction stir welded low carbon steel joints. Corrosion Science, 2015, 94:88-98.
[48] S A Khodir, Y Morisada, R Ueji, et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties evolution during friction stir welding of SK4 high carbon steel alloy. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2012, 558:572-578.
[49] D H Choi, C Y Lee, B W Ahn, et al. Hybrid friction stir welding of high-carbon steel. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2011, 27(2):127-130.
[50] M Abbasi, T W Nelson, C D Sorensen, et al. An approach to prior austenite reconstruction. Materials Characterization, 2012, 66:1-8.
[51] Y Gao, K Nakata, K Nagatsuka, et al. Interface microstructural control by probe length adjustment in friction stir welding of titanium and steel lap joint. Materials & Design, 2015, 65:17-23.
[52] F C Liu, J Liao, Y Gao, et al. Influence of texture on strain localization in stir zone of friction stir welded titanium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2015, 626:304-308.
[53] Y Morisada, H Fujii, Y Kawahito, et al. Three-dimensional visualization of material flow during friction stir welding by two pairs of X-ray transmission systems. Scripta Materialia, 2011, 65(12):1085-1088.
[54] F C Liu, P Xue, Z Y Ma. Microstructural evolution in recrystallized and unrecrystallized Al-Mg-Sc alloys during superplastic deformation. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2012, 547:55-63.
[55] F C Liu, Z Y Ma. Superplasticity governed by effective grain size and its distribution in fine-grained aluminum alloys. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2011, 530:548-558.
[56] F C Liu, T W Nelson. In-situ material flow pattern around probe during friction stir welding of austenitic stainless steel. Materials & Design, 2016, 110:354-364.
[57] T W Nelson, S A Rose. Controlling hard zone formation in friction stir processed HSLA steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2016, 231:66-74.
[58] R Rai, A De, H K D H Bhadeshia, et al. Review:Friction stir welding tools. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2011, 16(4):325-342.
[59] H H Cho, H N Han, S T Hong, et al. Microstructural analysis of friction stir welded ferritic stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, 528(6):2889-2894.
[60] X Fei, J Li, W Yao, et al. Study of temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties on Fe/Al joint in laser-assisted friction stir welding. AIP Advances, 2018, 8(7).
[61] D Du, R Fu, Y Li, et al. Gradient characteristics and strength matching in friction stir welded joints of Fe-18Cr-16Mn-2Mo-0.85N austenitic stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2014, 616:246-251.
[62] O O Tinubu, S Das, A Dutt, et al. Friction stir processing of A-286 stainless steel:Microstructural evolution during wear. Wear, 2016, 356-357:94-100.
[63] S Mironov, Y S Sato, H Kokawa, et al. Structural response of superaustenitic stainless steel to friction stir welding. Acta Materialia, 2011, 59(14):5472-5481.
[64] H H Cho, S H Kang, S H Kim, et al. Microstructural evolution in friction stir welding of high-strength linepipe steel. Materials and Design, 2012, 34:258-267.
[65] M Imam, V Racherla, K Biswas, et al. Microstructure-property relation and evolution in friction stir welding of naturally aged 6063 aluminium alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 91(5-8):1753-1769.
[66] J W Sowards, T Gnäupel Herold, J David McColskey, et al. Characterization of mechanical properties, fatigue-crack propagation, and residual stresses in a microalloyed pipeline-steel friction-stir weld. Materials & Design, 2015, 88:632-642.
[67] Y G Kim, J S Kim, I J Kim. Effect of process parameters on optimum welding condition of DP590 steel by friction stir welding. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2014, 28(12):5143-5148.
[68] K Chiteka. Friction stir welding of steels:A review paper. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2013, 9(3):16-20.
[69] S A Hussein, A S M Tahir, A B Hadzley. Characteristics of aluminum-to-steel joint made by friction stir welding:A review. Materials Today Communications, 2015, 5:32-49.
[70] Z Ma, Q Shang, D Ni, et al. Friction stir welding of magnesium alloys:A review. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2018, 54(11).
[71] A Banik, B S Roy, J D Barma, et al. An experimental investigation of torque and force generation for varying tool tilt angles and their effects on microstructure and mechanical properties:friction stir welding of AA 6061-T6. J. Manuf. Process, 2018, 31:395-404.
[72] X Fei, X Jin, Y Ye, et al. Effect of pre-hole offset on the property of the joint during laser-assisted friction stir welding of dissimilar metals steel and aluminum alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2016, 653:43-52.
[73] S L Campanelli, G Casalino, C Casavola, et al. Analysis and comparison of friction stir welding and laser assisted friction stir welding of aluminum alloy. Materials, 2013, 6(12):5923-5941.
[74] M K Kulekci, U Esme, B Buldum. Critical analysis of friction stir-based manufacturing processes. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2016, 85(5-8):1687-1712.
[75] W J Arbegast. Using process forces as a statistical process control tool for friction stir welds. Proceedings of the Friction Stir Welding and Processing III, TMS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2005:193-204.
[76] X Fei, X Jin, N Peng, et al. Effects of filling material and laser power on the formation of intermetallic compounds during laser-assisted friction stir butt welding of steel and aluminum alloys. Applied Physics A:Materials Science and Processing, 2016, 122(11):1-10.
[77] P Biswas, N R Mandal. A study on laser assisted friction stir welding of C-Mn steel plates. Advances in Marine Structures-Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Marine Structures, MARSTRUCT 2011, March, 2011:539-548.
[78] X Fei, Y Ye, L Jin, et al. Special welding parameters study on Cu/Al joint in laser-heated friction stir welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, 256:160-171.
[79] Y Hu, H Liu, H Fujii. Improving the mechanical properties of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy joints by ultrasonic vibrations during friction stir welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2019, 271:75-84.
[80] J Zhao, F Jiang, H Jian, et al. Comparative investigation of tungsten inert gas and friction stir welding characteristics of Al-Mg-Sc alloy plates. Materials & Design, 2010, 31(1):306-311.
[81] S J Vijay, N Murugan. Influence of tool pin profile on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al-10 wt.% TiB2 metal matrix composite. Mater. Des., 2010, 31:3585-3589.
[82] G Casalino, S Campanelli, A D Ludovico, et al. Study of a fiber laser assisted friction stir welding process. High power laser materials processing:Lasers, beam delivery, diagnostics, and applications, 2012, 8239:823913.
[83] H Potluri, J J Jones, L Mears. Comparison of electrically-assisted and conventional friction stir welding processes by feed force and torque. ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference Collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference, MSEC 2013, 2013, 1:1-10.
[84] Y F Sun, Y Konishi, M Kamai, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of S45C steel prepared by laser-assisted friction stir welding. Materials and Design, 2013, 47:842-849.
[85] DG Mohan, S Gopi, V Rajasekar. Mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties of hybrid-welded stainless steel. Materials Performance, 2018, 57(1):53-56.
[86] B Ahmad, A Galloway, A Toumpis. Numerical optimization of laser assisted friction stir welding of structural steel. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2019, 24(6):548-558.
[87] M Wiechec, B Baker, T McNelley, et al. Analysis of high-power diode laser heating effects on HY-80 steel for laser assisted friction stir welding applications. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2017, 5(1):97-112.
[88] F Khodabakhshi, A P Gerlich, A Simchi, et al. Cryogenic friction-stir processing of ultrafine-grained Al-Mg-TiO2 nanocomposites. Materials Science & Engineering A, 2015, 620:471-482.
[89] D G Hattingh, C Blignault, T I VanNiekerk, et al. Characterization of the influences of FSW tool geometry on welding forces and weld tensile strength using an instrumented tool. J. Mater. Process Technol., 2008, 203:46-57.
[90] G Casalino, S L Campanelli, N Contuzzi, et al. Laser-assisted friction stir welding of aluminum alloy lap joints:microstructural and microhardness characterizations. High-Power Laser Materials Processing:Lasers, Beam Delivery, Diagnostics, and Applications III, 2014, 8963:896316.
[91] C Yang, J F Zhang, G N Ma, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of double-side friction stir welded 6082Al ultra-thick plates. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2020, 41:105-116.
[92] G K Padhy, C S Wu, S Gao. Friction stir based welding and processing technologies-processes, parameters, microstructures and applications:A review. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2018, 34(1):1-38.
[93] Q Chu, W Y Li, H L Hou, et al. On the double-side probeless friction stir spot welding of AA2198 Al-Li alloy. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2019, 35(5):784-789.
[94] H Zhang, P Xue, D Wang, et al. Effect of heat-input on pitting corrosion behavior of friction stir welded high nitrogen stainless steel. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2019, 35(7):1278-1283.
[95] Z Zhang, C He, Y Li, et al. Effects of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding on flow behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy joints. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2020, 43:1-13.
[96] Q Chu, W Y Li, X W Yang, et al. Microstructure and mechanical optimization of probeless friction stir spot welded joint of an Al-Li alloy. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2018, 34(10):1739-1746.
[97] R Z Xu, Q Yang, D R Ni, et al. Influencing mechanism of pre-existing nanoscale Al5Fe2 phase on Mg-Fe interface in friction stir spot welded Al-free ZK60-Q235 joint. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2020, 42:220-228.
[98] Z Ma, Y Jin, S Ji, X Meng, et al. A general strategy for the reliable joining of Al/Ti dissimilar alloys via ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2019, 35(1):94-99.
[99] F Fujii, Y D Chung, Y F Sun. Friction stir welding of AISI 1080 steel using liquid CO2 for enhanced toughness and ductility. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2013, 18(6):500-506.
[100] M X Milagre, U Donatus, N V Mogili, et al. Galvanic and asymmetry effects on the local electrochemical behavior of the 2098-T351 alloy welded by friction stir welding. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2020, 45:162-175.
[101] X Wang, Y Morisada, H Fujii. Flat friction stir spot welding of low carbon steel by double side adjustable tools. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2021, 66:1-9.
[102] W Hu, Z Ma, S Ji, et al. Improving the mechanical property of dissimilar Al/Mg hybrid friction stir welding joint by PIO-ANN. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2020, 53:41-52.
[103] M Esmaily, N Mortazavi, W Osikowicz, et al. Bobbin and conventional friction stir welding of thick extruded AA6005-T6 profiles. Materials and Design, 2016, 108:114-125.
[104] Y Morisada, H Fujii, R Nishimoto, et al. Improvement of toughness and strength of thick structural steel weld by friction stir welding conditions. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2013, 18(4):287-292.
[105] D G Mohan, S Gopi. Study on the mechanical behaviour of friction stir welded aluminium alloys 6061 with 5052. 2017 8th Industrial Automation and Electromechanical Engineering Conference, IEMECON 2017, 2017:147-152.
[106] P L Niu, W Y Li, A Vairis, et al. Cyclic deformation behavior of friction-stir-welded dissimilar AA5083-to-AA2024 joints:Effect of microstructure and loading history. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2019, 744:145-153.
[107] S Shashi Kumar, N Murugan, K K Ramachandran. Identifying the optimal FSW process parameters for maximizing the tensile strength of friction stir welded AISI 316L butt joints. Measurement:Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 2019, 137:257-271.
[108] S S Kumar, N Murugan, K K K Ramachandran. Effect of tool tilt angle on weld joint properties of friction stir welded AISI 316L stainless steel sheets. Measurement, 2020, 150:107083.
[109] K M Venkatesh, M Arivarsu, M Manikandan, et al. Review on friction stir welding of steels. Materials Today:Proceedings, 2018, 5(5):13227-13235.
[110] S Gopi,D G Mohan.Evaluating the welding pulses of various tool profiles in single-pass friction stir welding of 6082-T6 aluminium alloy. Journal of Welding and Joining,2021, 8.
[111] M Jariyaboon, A J Davenport, R Ambat, et al. Effect of cryogenic cooling on corrosion of friction stir welded AA7010-T7651. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 2010, 57(2):83-89.
[112] Y Y Wang, R Kannan, L Li, et al. Polarization effects associated with thermal processing of HY-80 structural steel using high-power laser diode array. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2013, 1718(12):1-10.
[113] Y S Sato, M Fujimoto, N Abe, et al. Friction stir spot welding phenomena in Al alloy 6061. Materials Science Forum, 2010, 638-642(2):1243-1248.
[114] B T Gibson, D H Lammlein, T J Prater, et al. Friction stir welding:Process, automation, and control. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2014, 16(1):56-73.
[115] P F Mendez, N Barnes, K Bell, et al. Welding processes for wear resistant overlays. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2014, 16(1):4-25.
[116] S T Selvamani. Heat transfer analysis during friction stir welding of Al6061-T6 alloy. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), 2014, 1(4):1453-1460.
[117] K Colligan. Material flow behavior during friction stir welding of aluminum. Welding Journal (Miami, Fla), 1999, 78(7):229-s.
[118] ESAB. Technical hand book:Friction stir welding. Global Welding & Cutting, 2009:1-45.
[119] J J Muhsin, M H Tolephih, A M Muhammed. Effect of friction stir welding parameters (rotation and transverse) speed on the transient temperature distribution in friction stir welding of AA 7020-t53. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2012, 7(4):436-446.
[120] R S Mishra, Z Y Ma. Friction stir welding and processing. Materials Science and Engineering R:Reports, 2005, 50(1-2):1-78.
[121] J Lukkari, O Vähäkainu. How much heat can various steels and filler metals withstand? Svetsaren, a Welding Review, 2003, 58(1):18-23.
[122] G Buffa, L Fratini, S Pasta. Residual stresses in friction stir welding:Numerical simulation and experimental verification. Powder Diffraction, 2008, 23(2):182-182.
[123] M Imam, Y Sun, H Fujii. Interface controlled plastic flow using accelerated cooling in friction stir welding of pure iron. National Meetings of JWS, June 30, 2017.
[124] Q Yang, X Li, K Chen, et al. Effect of tool geometry and process condition on static strength of a magnesium friction stir lap linear weld. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528:2463-2478.
[125] C Sorensen, T Nelson. Friction stir welding of ferrous and nickel alloys. Friction Stir Welding and Processing, 2007:111-121.
[126] A De, H K D H Bhadeshia, T Debroy. Friction stir welding of mild steel:Tool durability and steel microstructure. Materials Science and Technology (United Kingdom), 2014, 30(9):1050-1056.
[127] M Al Moussawi, A J Smith. Defects in friction stir welding of steel. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, 2018, 7(2):194-202.
[128] A K Lakshminarayanan, V Balasubramanian. Understanding the parameters controlling friction stir welding of AISI 409 M ferritic stainless steel. Met. Mater. Int., 2011, 17(6):969-998.
[129] S Ryan, A Toumpis, A Galloway, Defect tolerance of friction stir welds in DH36 steel. Mater. Des., 2015, 87(15):701-711.
[130] W J Arbegast. A flow-partitioned deformation zone model for defect formation during friction stir welding. Scripta Materialia, 2008, 58(5):372-376.
[131] R Ranjan, A R Khan, C Parikh, et al. Classification and identification of surface defects in friction stir welding:An image processing approach. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2016, 22:237-253.
[132] A Toumpis, A Gallawi, H Polezhayeva, et al. Fatigue assessment of friction stir welded DH36 steel. Frict. Stir Weld. Process VIII, 2015, 11-19.
[133] M Almoussawi, A J Smith, M Faraji, et al. Segregation of Mn, Si, Al, and oxygen during the friction stir welding of DH36 steel. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal., 2017, 6:569.
[134] P Gong, E J Palmiere, W M Rainforth. Dissolution and precipitation behaviour in steels microalloyed with niobium during thermomechanical processing. Acta Mater., 2015, 97:392-403.
[135] A B Santillana, R Boom, D Eskin, et al. High-temperature mechanical behaviour and fracture analysis of a low-carbon steel related to cracking, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2012, 43A:5048-5057.
[136] M Hajizadeh, S Emami, T Saeid. Influence of welding speed on microstructure formation in friction-stir-welded 304 austenitic stainless steels. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27:1517-1524.
[137] X C Liu, Y F Sun, T Nagira, et al. Strain rate dependent micro-texture evolution in friction stir welding of copper. Materialia, 2019, 6:100302.
[138] M W Safeen, P Russo Spena. Main issues in quality of friction stir welding joints of aluminum alloy and steel sheets. Metals, 2019, 9(5).
[139] S A Hussein, S Thiru, R Izamshah, et al. Unstable temperature distribution in friction stir welding. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014:980636,
[140] M M Z Ahmed, B P Wynne, M M El Sayed Seleman, et al. A comparison of crystallographic texture and grain structure development in aluminum generated by friction stir welding and high strain torsion, Mater. Des., 2016, 103:259.
[141] S Emami, T Saeid, R A Khosroshahi, Microstructural evolution of friction stir welded SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 739:678.
[142] L Wan, Y Huang. Friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys and steels:a review. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2018, 99:1781-1811.
[143] W M Yan, Z Q Xie, C Yu, et al. Experimental investigation and design method for the shear strength of self-piercing rivet connections in thin-walled steel structures. J. Construc. Steel Res., 2017, 133:231-240.
[144] L A Jácome, S Weber, A Leitner, et al. Influence of filler composition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of steel-aluminum joints produced by metal arc joining. Adv. Eng. Mater., 2009, 11(5):350-358.
[145] P K Baghel. Friction stir welding of stainless steel 304:A survey. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2012, 1(2):22-23.
[146] F C Liu, Y Hovanski, M P Miles, et al. A review of friction stir welding of steels:Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(1):39-57.
[147] J C Ananad, S Gopi, D G Mohan. Predicting the ultimate tensile strength and wear rate of aluminium hybrid surface composites fabricated via friction stir processing using computational methods. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2021:1-20.
[148] M Balamurugan, S Gopi, D G Mohan. Influence of tool pin profiles on the filler added friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminium alloy joints. Materials Research Express, 2021, 8(9):96531.
[149] M Magnani, M Terada, A O Lino, et al. Microstructural and electrochemical characterization of friction stir welded duplex stainless steels. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2014, 9(6):2966-2977.
[150] A Janeczek, J Tomków, D Fydrych. The influence of tool shape and process parameters on the mechanical properties of AW-3004 aluminium alloy friction stir welded joints. Materials, 2021, 14(12).
[151] H L Qin, H Zhang, D T Sun, et al. Corrosion behavior of the friction-stir-welded joints of 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 2015, 22(6):627-638.
[152] A Astarita, M Curioni, A Squillace, et al. Corrosion behaviour of stainless steel-titanium alloy linear friction welded joints:Galvanic coupling. Materials and Corrosion, 2015, 66(2):111-117.
[153] M Atapour, H Sarlak, M Esmailzadeh. Pitting corrosion susceptibility of friction stir welded lean duplex stainless steel joints. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2016, 83(5-8):721-728.
[154] P Goel, A W Mohd, N Sharma, et al. Effects of welding parameters in friction stir welding of stainless steel and aluminum. In:K Shanker, R Shankar, R Sindhwani, eds. Advances in industrial and production engineering. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 2019.
Outlines

/