Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering >

2021 , Vol. 34 >Issue 2: 6 - 6

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-020-00528-1

Advanced Transportation Equipment

Aerodynamic Characteristics of Isolated Loaded Tires with Different Tread Patterns: Experiment and Simulation

  • Haichao Zhou ,
  • Zhen Jiang ,
  • Guolin Wang ,
  • Shupei Zhang
Expand
  • School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China

Received date: 2019-12-24

  Revised date: 2020-11-12

  Online published: 2021-09-02

Supported by

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52072156, 51675240), Jiangsu Provincial Youth Fund of China (Grant No. KB20160528), Jiangsu Provincial Six Talents Summit Program of China (Grant No. JXQC-011), and Jiangsu University Senior Talents Startup Fund (Grant No. 1291120046)

Fold

Abstract

The current research of tire aerodynamics mainly focus on the isolated and simplified tread tire. Compared with the real complex pattern tire, the tread pattern structure and deformed profile of a loaded tire has a greatly influence on tire aerodynamic drag. However, the mechanisms of the isolated loaded tires with different tread patterns effects on the aerodynamic drag are subjects worthy of discussion. The purpose of this study is to experimentally and computationally investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of three tires 185/65 R14 with different patterns under loaded. A wind tunnel test model was first established using three-dimensional (3D) printing with a ratio of 1:1, and the pressure coefficients Cp of the three tires with different patterns are measured. The paper then conducted computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for analyzing the pressure and flow characteristics. The accuracy of CFD simulation is verified by comparing the simulation results with the test results of pressure coefficients Cp, and they are of good consistency. While, the general analysis of pressure coefficients Cp results of the three tires indicates high-pressure area on the windward surface, and occurrence of low-pressure area on the leeward surface, the pressure coefficients Cp of all three tires decreased firstly and then increased along in the air flow direction. The authors finally analyzed the effect of tread patterns on the flow field around the tire and revealed the differences between flow characteristics and aerodynamic drag. The results show that, angle of tire lateral groove has great effect on the flow field characteristics such that; the more the angle of lateral groove agrees with the air flow direction, the less the flow separation and flow vortices, and a minimum observable aerodynamic drag. The research provides a guidance for the design of low aerodynamic drag tires, and helps to illustrate the impact of tire aerodynamics on the car body in the future.

Key words： Tire aerodynamic; Wind tunnel test; Numerical simulation; Flow analysis

Cite this article

Haichao Zhou , Zhen Jiang , Guolin Wang , Shupei Zhang . Aerodynamic Characteristics of Isolated Loaded Tires with Different Tread Patterns: Experiment and Simulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021 , 34(2) : 6 -6 . DOI: 10.1186/s10033-020-00528-1

References

[1] R M González, G A Marrero, J Rodríguez-López, et al. Analyzing CO2 emissions from passenger cars in Europe: A dynamic panel data approach. Energy Policy, 2019, 129: 1271-1281.
[2] G Sivaral, K M Parammasivam, G Suganya. Reduction of aerodynamic drag force for reducing fuel consumption in road vehicle using basebleed. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 2018, 11(6): 1489-1495.
[3] T Hobeika, S Sebben. Tyre pattern features and their effects on passenger vehicle drag. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, 2018, 11(5): 1-12.
[4] B Cihan. Numerical drag reduction of a ground vehicle by NACA2415 airfoil structured vortex generator and spoiler. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2019, 20(5): 943-948.
[5] X Chen, M Li. Delayed detached eddy simulation of subcritical flow past generic side mirror. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science), 2019, 24(1): 107-112.
[6] A P Mears, R G Dominy. Racing car wheel aerodynamics - Comparisons between experimental and CFD derived flow-field data. SAE Technical Papers, 2004-01-3555.
[7] J Reiß, L Haag, T Indinger. CFD investigation on fully detailed and deformed car tires. International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2019, 10(4): 324-331.
[8] K Hirose, H Kawamata, M Oshima. Aerodynamic sensitivity analysis of wheel shape factors. SAE Technical Paper, 2019, 2019-01-0667.
[9] A Huminic, G Huminic. Aerodynamic study of a generic car model with wheels and underbody diffuser. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2017, 18(3): 397-404.
[10] M E Gleason, A Guzman, B Duncan, et al. Comparison of computational simulation of automotive spinning wheel flow field with full width moving belt wind tunnel results. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, 2015, 8(1): 275-293.
[11] F Wittmeier, T Kuthada, N Widdecke, et al. Model scale based process for the development of aerodynamic tire characteristics. SAE Technical Papers, 2014-01-0585.
[12] A Vdovin. Investigation of aerodynamic resistance of rotating wheels on passenger cars. Chalmars University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2013.
[13] M D P Bolzon, S Sebben, A Broniewicz. Effects of wheel configuration on the flow field and the drag coefficient of a passenger vehicle. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2019, 20(4): 763-777.
[14] A Brandt, H Berg, M Bolzon, et al. The effects of wheel design on the aerodynamic drag of passenger vehicles. SAE Technical Papers, 2019-01-0662.
[15] L Haag, T Blacha, T Indinger. Experimental investigation on the aerodynamics of isolated rotating wheels and evaluation of wheel rotation models using unsteady CFD. International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2017, 8(1): 7-14.
[16] C Landström, T Walker, L Löfdahl. Effects of ground simulation on the aerodynamic coefficients of a production car in yaw conditions. SAE Technical Papers, 2010-01-0755.
[17] C Landstrom, L Josefsson, T Walker, et al. Aerodynamic effects of different tire models on a sedan type passenger car. SAE Technical Papers, 2012-01-0169.
[18] A Guzman, Y C Cho, J Tripp, et al. Further analyses on prediction of automotive spinning wheel flowfield with full width moving belt wind tunnel results. SAE Technical Papers, 2017-01-1519.
[19] R Eleanor, W Duncan. Investigation of wheelhouse flow interaction and the influence of lateral wheel displacement. Energies, 2019, 12(17): 1-29.
[20] F L Wang, Z S Yin, S Yan, et al. Validation of aerodynamic simulation and wind tunnel test of the New Buick Excelle GT. SAE Technical Papers, 2017-01-1512.
[21] L Axon, K Garry, J Howell. An evaluation of cfd for modelling the flow around stationary and rotating isolated wheels. SAE Technical Papers, 1998-98-0032.
[22] S Diasinos, T J Barber, G Doig. The effects of simplifications on isolated wheel aerodynamics. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2015, 146: 90-101.
[23] J McManus, X Zhang. A computational study of the flow around an isolated wheel in contact with the ground. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 2006, 128(3): 520-530.
[24] F Wittmeier, N Widdecke, J Wiedemann, et al. Tyre development from an aerodynamic perspective. ATZ Worldwide, 2013, 115(2): 42–48.
[25] G M Uddin, S M Arafat, A H Kazim, et al. Artificial intelligence-based Monte-Carlo numerical simulation of aerodynamics of tire grooves using computational fluid dynamics. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing: AIEDAM, 2019, 33(3): 302-316.
[26] R Palin, V Johnston, S Johnson, et al. The aerodynamic development of the Tesla Model S-part 1: Overview. SAE Technical Papers, 2012-01-0177.
[27] T Hobeika, S Sebben. CFD investigation on wheel rotation modelling. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018, 174: 241-251.
[28] H Berg, A Brandt. Investigation of aerodynamic wheel design. Chalmars University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2018.
[29] T Hobeika, S Sebben, C Landstrom. Investigation of the influence of tyre geometry on the aerodynamics of passenger cars. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, 2013, 6(1): 316–325.
[30] T Hobeika, L Löfdahl, S Sebben. Study of different tyre simulation methods and effects on passenger car aerodynamics. The International Vehicle Aerodynamics Conference, Holywell, UK. October 14-15, 2014, 187-195.
[31] H C Zhou, C Liang, J Yang, et al. Biomimetic methods for improving tire skid resistance. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 51(8): 125-130, 136. (in Chinese)
[32] H C Zhou, G L Wang, Y M Ding, et al. Effect of friction model and tire maneuvering on tire-pavement contact stress. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015: 632647.
[33] T Li, H Hemida, J Y Zhang, et al. Comparisons of shear stress transport and detached eddy simulations of the flow around trains. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 2018, 140(11): 111108-111112.
[34] H Sun, R Xiao, F Wang, et al. Analysis of the pump-turbine S characteristics using the detached eddy simulation method. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 28(1): 115-122.
[35] M S Gritskevich, A V Garbaruk, J Schütze, et al. Development of DDES and IDDES formulations for the k-ω shear stress transport model. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 2012, 88(3): 431-449.
[36] R D Knowles. Monoposto racecar wheel aerodynamics: investigation of near-wake structure and support-sting interference. Cranfield University, Bedford, UK, 2005.
[37] A J Saddington, R D Knowles, K Knowles. Laser Doppler anemometry measurements in the near-wake of an isolated Formula One wheel. Experiments in Fluids, 2007, 42(5): 671-681.
[38] T Hobeika. Investigation of tyre geometry influence on road vehicle aerodynamics. Chalmars University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2012.
[39] J C R Hunt, A A Wray, P Moin. Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent flows. Center for Turbulence Research, Proceedings of the Summer Program, 1988: 193–208.
Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

　 Copyright © Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, All Rights Reserved.
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd,.