Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering >

2022 , Vol. 35 >Issue 3: 52 - 52

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1

Special Issue on Processing of Biological Tissue

The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone

  • Jose A. Robles-Linares ,
  • Kieran Winter ,
  • Zhirong Liao
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  • Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

收稿日期: 2021-06-23

  修回日期: 2022-03-02

  网络出版日期: 2022-10-24

基金资助

Supported by The University of Nottingham, the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT), EPSRC through the DTP 2018–19 University of Nottingham (Grant No. EP/T517902/1), Nottingham Research Fellowship and University of Nottingham Propulsion Futures Beacon Programme

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The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone

  • Jose A. Robles-Linares ,
  • Kieran Winter ,
  • Zhirong Liao
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  • Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

Received date: 2021-06-23

  Revised date: 2022-03-02

  Online published: 2022-10-24

Supported by

Supported by The University of Nottingham, the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT), EPSRC through the DTP 2018–19 University of Nottingham (Grant No. EP/T517902/1), Nottingham Research Fellowship and University of Nottingham Propulsion Futures Beacon Programme

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摘要

Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining. Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst minimising surface defects i.e., smearing, which occur in mechanical methods. However, comparative studies on the influence of lasers with different pulse characteristics on necrotic damage and surface integrity have not been reported yet. This paper for the first time investigates the effects of laser type on the necrotic damage and surface integrity in fresh bovine cortical bone after ex-situ laser machining. Three lasers of different pulse widths, i.e., picosecond, nanosecond and continuous wave lasers have been investigated with different feed speeds tested to study the machining efficiency. The cutting temperature, and geometrical outputs have been measured to investigate the thermal influence on the cooling behaviour of the bone samples while high-speed imaging was used to compare the material removal mechanisms between a pulsed and continuous wave laser. Furthermore, an in-depth histological analysis of the subsurface has revealed that the nanosecond laser caused the largest necrotic depth, owing to the high pulse frequency limiting the dissipation of heat. It has also been observed that surface cracks positioned perpendicular to the trench direction were produced after machining by the picosecond laser, indicative of the photomechanical effect induced by plasma explosions. Therefore, the choice of laser type (i.e., in terms of its pulse width and frequency) needs to be critically considered for appropriate application during laser osteotomy with minimum damage and improved healing.

关键词： Bone cutting; Necrosis; Surface damage; Laser machining; Histology

本文引用格式

Jose A. Robles-Linares , Kieran Winter , Zhirong Liao . The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022 , 35(3) : 52 -52 . DOI: 10.1186/s10033-022-00740-1

Abstract

Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining. Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst minimising surface defects i.e., smearing, which occur in mechanical methods. However, comparative studies on the influence of lasers with different pulse characteristics on necrotic damage and surface integrity have not been reported yet. This paper for the first time investigates the effects of laser type on the necrotic damage and surface integrity in fresh bovine cortical bone after ex-situ laser machining. Three lasers of different pulse widths, i.e., picosecond, nanosecond and continuous wave lasers have been investigated with different feed speeds tested to study the machining efficiency. The cutting temperature, and geometrical outputs have been measured to investigate the thermal influence on the cooling behaviour of the bone samples while high-speed imaging was used to compare the material removal mechanisms between a pulsed and continuous wave laser. Furthermore, an in-depth histological analysis of the subsurface has revealed that the nanosecond laser caused the largest necrotic depth, owing to the high pulse frequency limiting the dissipation of heat. It has also been observed that surface cracks positioned perpendicular to the trench direction were produced after machining by the picosecond laser, indicative of the photomechanical effect induced by plasma explosions. Therefore, the choice of laser type (i.e., in terms of its pulse width and frequency) needs to be critically considered for appropriate application during laser osteotomy with minimum damage and improved healing.

Key words： Bone cutting; Necrosis; Surface damage; Laser machining; Histology

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