20 March 2023, Volume 47 Issue 3
    

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    Review
  • DENG Yingcheng, QIN Weihua, WANG Fei, XU Xinying, LIU Lanxuan
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 1-6,54. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Magnesium alloy is a metal material with a smallest density in practical use. It has high specific strength, good electrical and thermal conductivity, good machinability and good biocompatibility characteristics, but its application is severely limited due to its poor chemical stability, loose and porous surface oxide film and poor corrosion resistance. The corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys in atmospheric environment is reviewed, and the research status of common surface treatment techniques, such as chemical oxidation, anodic oxidation, micro-arc oxidation and organic coating, is summarized. Finally the research directions of corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys in atmospheric environment and surface treatment techniques are prospected.
  • Testing & Research
  • CHENG Sang, ZHANG Yonghao, YANG Chuan, WANG Bingshu, ZHOU Baoxue
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 7-11,18. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303002
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    The forged pure tin plate with purity of 99.99% was treated by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for different passes (0-20 passes) at room temperature. The effect of ECAP pass on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the pure tin was studied. The results show that under the severe shear of ECAP, twinning and twin-induced recrystallization occurred in pure tin grains, and the grains were significantly refined. After ECAP for more than 12 passes, the grain refinement effect was weakened. With increasing ECAP pass, the texture strength and maximum orientation density of the pure tin decreased, while the hardness, strength and percentage elongation after fracture increased. Compared with those of the forged pure tin, the hardness, yield strength, tensile strength and percentage elongation after fracture after 20 passes of ECAP increased by 9.09%, 5.14%, 32.08% and 144.19%, respectively. The main strengthening mechanism of the pure tin was work hardening with ECAP pass of less than 8, and was fine grain strengthening with ECAP pass of more than 8.
  • NIU Qian, ZHANG Peng, LI Jiao, GONG Xiufang, SONG Xiaolong
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 12-18. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303003
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    Evolution law of γ' strengthening precipitates at high temperatures in a new directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy DZ445 was studied by thermal exposure tests at 800-900 ℃. The results show that at high temperatures, the growth of γ'precipitates was controlled by diffusion of matrix elements, and the growth kinetics followed the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner ripening law; the diffusion activation energy was 305 kJ·mol-1. The microstructure of the alloy was stable. Even after thermal exposure at 900 ℃ for 10 000 h, the average particle size of γ' precipitates only increased to (928±14) nm. The volume fractions of γ' precipitates remained about 50% in thermal exposure at 800-900 ℃ for 10 000 h, and no topologically close-packed phase was observed. During thermal exposure at 850 ℃ and 900 ℃, the shape of γ' precipitates changed from spheroidal to cubic or tetragonal, which was related to the particle size and lattice mismatch.
  • ZHANG Junhao, WANG Wenxian, YAN Zhifeng, DUAN Desheng, ZHANG Hongxia, ZHANG Jinwen, ZHOU Jun
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 19-23,36. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303004
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    The ratchet test and fatigue test were carried out on 18CrNiMo7-6 high-speed train gear steel at different maximum cyclic stresses (600-880 MPa) and stress ratio of 0.1. The fatigue limit was predicted by fitting the ratchet strain difference and temperature rise to the maximum cyclic stress at the stable stage, and then was predicted with the fracture fatigue entropy calculated from ratchet strain difference and temperature rise. The predicted results by different methods were compared with test results. The results show that according to the linear fitting results between the ratchet strain difference and the temperature rise and the maximum cyclic stress, the fatigue limits were 664.9, 681.4 MPa, respectively, and the relative errors of predicted fatigue limit with those obtained by fatigue tests were 3.50% and 1.11%, respectively, indicating that these two methods could predict the fatigue limit with high accuracy. When the maximum cyclic stress was 673.2 MPa, the fracture fatigue entropy changed from less than 0.1 MJ·m-3·K-1 to 0.46 MJ·m-3·K-1 suddenly. The fatigue limit predicted by this method was 673.2 MPa, and the relative error of the predicted fatigue limit with the fatigue test result was 2.3%, indicating high prediction accuracy.
  • GAO Kechao, SHANG Suogui, ZHANG Zhi, GAO Qiangyong, MA Jinxin, LIU Wanying
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 24-30. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303005
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    The corrosion tests of S135 steel and G105 steel were carried out by high temperature autoclaves at different temperatures (room temperature, 100 ℃, 180 ℃) in the simulated oil field formation water coexisted CO2/H2S gas with partial pressure of 20, 0.1 MPa, respectively. The influence of temperature on the corrosion behavior of the two steels was studied. The results show that the corrosion rate of S135 steel and G105 steel was the biggest at 100 ℃, reaching 0.846 3, 0.850 0 mm·a-1, respectively, while that at 180 ℃ was the smallest of 0.229 1, 0.230 9 mm·a-1, respectively. At 100 ℃, the corrosion products on the steel surface were mainly FeCO3 and FeS, and CO2 was the main controlling factor for corrosion. At the room temperature and 180 ℃, the corrosion products were mainly FeS, and H2S was the main controlling factor for corrosion.
  • LI Xiaokai, GUAN Kaishu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 31-36. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303006
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    12Cr1MoV steel was heated to different temperatures (650, 750, 850, 950, 1 050,1 150 °C) for 3 h and then air-cooled and water-cooled, respectively, to simulate the burning process at fire sites. The effect of the burning temperature and cooling way on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the test steel was studied by metallographic inspection, small punch tests, tensile tests and hardness measurement. The results show that when the fire temperature was not higher than 750 ℃, the microstructure of the test steel mainly consisted of ferrite, pearlite and carbide under air cooling and water cooling, and the change of strength, percentage elongation after fracture and hardness was small with the burning temperature. Under air cooling, when the burning temperature was higher than 750 ℃, the test steel experienced an increase in grain size and pearlite conten, leading to an increase in strength and a decrease in percentage elongation after fracture. Under water cooling, when the burning temperature was higher than 750 ℃, martensite appeared in the structure of the test steel. The content of martensite increased with the burning temperature rising, resulting in an increase in strength and hardness and a decrease in percentage elongation after fracture of the test steel.
  • New Materials & Technology
  • CHENG Jun, FAN Mingyang, YANG Jichun, HU Yu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 37-41,47. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303007
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    By combination of combustion synthesis reaction casting infliltration and vacuum-expendable pattern casting, in-situ systhesized TiC particle reinforced high manganese steel composite layer was prepared on the surface of ZG120Mn13Cr2 high manganese steel mixing blade. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance under wet sand wear conditions of the composite layer were studied. The hardness and wear resistance were compared with those of BTMCr20 high chromium cast iron and ZG120Mn13Cr2 high manganese steel. The field service life of the blade with composite layers under stabilized soil conditions was tested. The results show that the composite layer was metallurgically bonded to the high manganese steel matrix. The microstructure of the composite layer consisted of in-situ systhesized fine TiC particles, extra coarse TiC particles and high manganese steel matrix phases, and the in-situ synthesized TiC particles were spherical or nearly spherical and uniformly distributed in the matrix phase. The average hardness of the composite layer was 58 HRC, which was higher than that of high manganese steel and lower than that of high chromium cast iron. The wear mass loss of the composite layer was slightly higher than that of high chromium cast iron but much lower than that of high manganese steel. The field service life of the blade with the composite layer was 1 700 h, which was more than 2 times that of the high manganese steel blade, slightly higher than that of the high chromium cast iron blade.
  • WANG Yucheng, LIAN Lixian, DENG Yuedan, LIU Ying
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 42-47. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303008
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    The nickel-based single crystal superalloy was prepared by medium frequency induction melting and MgO crucible. The content of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and the microstructure of the alloy under argon shielded and vacuum melting process were studied comparatively. The impurity removal effects of different processes were analyzed. The effects of extending refining time, adding ceramic filter and adding deoxidizer carbon in vacuum melting process on impurity removal were discussed. The results show that the mass fractions of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen in argon shielded melted nickel-based single crystal superalloy were all higher than 1× 10-5, and there was coarse alumina inclusion in the structure. The mass fraction of impurity elements in vacuum melted alloy was less than 1×10-5, and no large-size inclusions were found in the structure. Compared with argon shielded melting, high vacuum melting could reduce the content of nitrogen in the alloy. Extending refining time could promote the homogenization of alloy composition, and high-power electromagnetic stirring could accelerate the removal rate of nitrogen. Adding ceramic filter removed large size inclusions in the alloy. Further deoxygenation and nitrogen removal was carried out by the reaction of deoxidizer carbon and oxygen.
  • Material Properties & Application
  • LOU Tonghai, ZUO Pengpeng, WU Xiaochun
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 48-54. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303009
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    4Cr5Mo2V steel with different hardness (41.2, 45.0, 49.3 HRC) was obtained by quenching and different tempering heat treatment processes. The effect of tempering hardness on the erosion resistance of the steel in molten aluminum was studied by making the samples rotate dynamically in the molten aluminum alloy. The results show that with increasing tempering hardness, the erosion mass loss of the test steel for the same erosion time decreased. With the extension of erosion time, fine pitting pits appeared on the face-aluminum surface of the test steel first, and then partly peeling and partly severe corrosion appeared, and finally comprehensive corrosion occurred. The intermetallic compound of the interface layer consisted of a dense η-Fe2Al5 phase inner layer and a porous αH-Fe2Al8Si phase outer layer. With increasing tempering hardness, the thickness of the inner layer of back-aluminum surface increased gradually, and the proportion of the outer layer decreased gradually, the chromium content in the matrix increased, resulting in the improvement of erosion resistance of the test steel in the molten aluminum alloy.
  • LAI Chengban, ZHANG Yanni, MIN Yongan, ZHOU Kun
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 55-59,65. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303010
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    Samples were taken from different parts of the forged 42CrMoS steel bar with a diameter of 380 mm, and then were treated by water cooling quenching or air cooling quenching and high temperature tempering with the same process. The microstructure, morphology and quantity of sulfide inclusions and their effects on the transverse impact toughness after heat treatment were studied. The results show that there was no serious element segregation in the steel bar. The transverse impact absorption energy of different parts under water cooling quenching and air cooling quenching conditions was 21.6-35.6 J and 12.7-17.7 J, respectively. The morphology of sulfides in the steel bar had more significant influence on the transverse impact toughness than the quantity. The fine and uniformly distributed point sulfide had relatively little adverse effect on the transverse impact toughness. When every 10% area fraction bainite was introduced into the microstructure of the air cooling quenched and high temperature tempered samples, the transverse impact absorption energy decreased by about 6%, and the degree of the influence of tempered sorbite on the transverse impact toughness was about 2.5 times that of the bainite.
  • SONG Chengli, SONG Xiaojun, CHEN Qingguo, LI Kun, JIA Haidong, LI Guangshan
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 60-65. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303011
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    The high temperature and high pressure dynamic reactor was used to simulate the actual working conditions of CO2 and H2S coexisted environment in oil and gas field. The corrosion behavior of 20 steel at different CO2 partial pressures (0.01, 0.05, 0.21, 0.50 MPa) and H2S partial pressures (0.000 3, 0.003, 0.01, 0.05 MPa) and the degree of influence of CO2 and H2S partial pressure on uniform corrosion and pitting were studied by corrosion tests. The results show that under H2S partial pressure of 0.003 MPa, when CO2 partial pressure was 0.01, 0.05 MPa, uniform corrosion of 20 steel mainly occurred; with increasing CO2 partial pressure, pitting became serious. Under CO2 partial pressure of 0.05 MPa, when H2S partial pressure was 0.000 3 MPa, 20 steel's surface corrosion was slight; with increasing H2S partial pressure, the corrosion was intensified, but still uniform corrosion mainly occurred. H2S and CO2 partial pressure had a very significant impact on 20 steel's uniform corrosion rate and pitting rate; H2S partial pressure had a relatively great effect on uniform corrosion, and CO2 partial pressure had a relatively great effect on pitting.
  • NIE Zhichao, YAN Yangxian, HONG Jiating, LIAO Hangyu, SONG Wenlong, ZOU Jinming, ZHANG Xuehui
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 66-71. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303012
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    Ti2AlC powder with different particle size distribution was obtained by wet ball milling for different times, and then mixed with Cu2O powder and copper powder to prepare TiC0.5-Al2O3/Cu composite by discharge plasma sintering. The effect of particle size distribution of the Ti2AlC powder on microstructure and properties of composites was studied. The results show that when the submicron particle volume fraction of the Ti2AlC powder increased from 0 to 70.27%, the reinforcement particles TiC0.5 and Al2O3 dispersed in the matrix more evenly; when the volume fraction of submicron particles was 98.07%, the reinforcement particles aggregated. With increasing the submicron particle volume fraction, the conductivity and relative density of the composites decreased first and then increased, while the hardness and yield strength increased first and then decreased.When the submicron particle volume fraction reached 70.27%, the composite had the best comprehensive performance.
  • LI Caixia, XING Shiwen, LI Chao, ZHAO Xitong
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 72-77,84. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303013
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    Mg-3Al-0.5SiO2-xSn (x=0,1,3,5,7,10, mass fraction/%) alloys were melted and casted by taking pure magnesium ingot, pure aluminum ingot, pure tin ingot and nano-SiO2 powder as raw materials. The effects of Sn addition amount on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys were studied. The results show that with increasing Sn addition amount, the coarse primary Mg2Si phase gradually transformed into granular or acicular phase, and the Mg2Sn phase content increased. When the mass fraction of Sn was 5%, Mg2Sn phase had the most uniform distribution and the smallest size. The strength and precentage elongation after fracture of the alloy increased and then decreased with the increase of Sn addition amount, and the fracture mode changed from brittle fracture to ductile fracture and then to brittle fracture. When the Sn mass fraction was 5%, the alloy had the best tensile properties at room temperature with the tensile strength, yield strength and precentage elongation after fracture of 145.6 MPa, 98.7 MPa and 7.12%, respectively, and the fracture mode was brittle fracture.
  • Physical Simulation & Numerical Simulation
  • GU Zhuoqing, WANG Jun
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 78-84. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303014
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    The material parameters of honeycomb paperboard were obtained by tensile test of base paper, and a simplified finite element model (Y-element model) of paper honeycomb was established. The model was subjected to quasi-static accelerated compression simulation by the finite element method, and the simulation was compared with the out-of-plane quasi-static compression test results of honeycomb paperboard. The effect of honeycomb cell wall width, paperboard thickness and cell wall thickness on the folding mode of Y element was studied by the simulation method. The results show that the morphology of the Y-element model obtained by quasi-static acceleration compression simulation was consistent with the test results; the relative error between the simulated and tested plateau stress in the compressive stress-strain curve was 3.87%, which verified the reliability of the model. The Y-element model with different specifications showed three folding modes after compression. The honeycomb cell wall width and paperboard thickness were the two key factors affecting the folding mode of Y element. The ratio of half of honeycomb cell wall width to the wavelength of a single fold affected the one-folding mode of Y element, and the thickness difference between the double-layer cell wall and the single-layer cell wall was the main reason for the occurrence of multiple folding modes.
  • LIU Zecheng, ZHENG Xiaoping, LI Hongbin, TIAN Yaqiang, CHEN Liansheng
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 85-91. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303015
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    Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator was used to perform a hot tensile test on AM60 magnesium alloy plate, and the thermal deformation behavior of the magnesium alloy under deformation temperatures of 200-350 ℃ and strain rates of 0.01-0.1 s-1 was studied. The strain hardening part of the Johnson-Cook equation was corrected and the coupling effect of strain rate and deformation temperature was considered; the modified Johnson-Cook constitutive equation was established with the hot tesile test data. The stamping finite element simulation was carried out by the equation, and the simulation was verified by tests. The results show that the rheological stress of AM60 magnesium alloy was positively correlated with the strain rate and negatively correlated with the deformation temperature. The stamping true stress-true strain curve of AM60 magnesium alloy predicted by the modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model was in good agreement with the test results, and the maximum relative error was 18.28%, which was 57.61% lower than that by the unmodified model. The barrel parts stamped at 200-350 ℃ were well formed and had no surface defects by simulation, which was consistent with the test results.
  • SUN Zhenzhen, PENG Wenfei, MOLIAR Oleksandr, LI He, SHAO Yiyu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 92-97,102. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303016
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    The relationship between Drucker-Prager/Cap constitutive parameters and the relative density of Ti-30Cu mixed powder with a mass ratio of titanium to copper of 7:3 was obtained by uniaxial compression, Brazilian disk and molding tests. A powder rolling model was established by Abaqus software to study the effect of feeding height on the relative density of sheet, and the test verification was carried out. The effect of the roll gap width and rolling speed on the relative density of Ti-30Cu alloy sheet was studied by this model. The results show that under the roll gap width of 1 mm and roll speed of 10 mm·s-1, the relative density of the sheet increased with increasing feed height from 150 mm to 300 mm. The simulation was basically consistent with the test result, and the maximum relative error was 2.15%, which verified the effectiveness of the rolling model. With increasing feeding height, and decreasing roll gap width or rolling speed, the relative density of the sheet increased.
  • Failure Analysis
  • WANG Shuai, ZENG Jiang, ZHANG Zhimeng, SONG Jie, ZHANG Shuxin
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(3): 98-102. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl202303017
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    The choke line of an oil well in an oilfield bursted during the sidetracking process. The reason for bursting of the choke line was analyzed by macromorphology observation, non-destructive testing, chemical composition analysis, mechanical performance testing and fracture morphology observation, as well as internal pressure resistance checking of the burst choke line. The results show that before being used this time, the external wall of the choke pipeline with axial penetration cracks was repaired by welding treatment. The thickness of the repairing weld was very small, and much less than pipeline wall thickness, resulting in the bursting failure during sidetracking because of insufficient bearing capacity of the pipeline. Meanwhile, the poor toughness and impact performance of the pipeline promoted the occurrence of brittle fracture.