20 January 2023, Volume 47 Issue 1
    

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  • Research Progress on Preparation Process and Properties of Graphene Reinforced Copper Matrix Composites
    PAN Xincheng, LIN Zhengqi, YANG Liu, DENG Liping
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    As a commonly used metal material, copper is limited in its application due to its low strength. Because of its excellent comprehensive properties, graphene has attracted wide attention as a potential reinforcement. Graphene reinforced copper matrix composites combine the great properties of both copper and graphene, and have become an research hotspot. The preparation processes and comprehensive properties of graphene reinforced copper matrix composites are introduced. The characteristics of various preparation processes, strengthening mechanism and configuration design are emphatically discussed, and the improvement approaches to solve the two main technical difficulties of weak bonding of composite interface and difficult dispersion of graphene are summarized. Finally, the preparation process of graphene reinforced copper matrix composites is prospected.
  • Research Progress on Mechanical Behavior and Phase Structure Prediction of Typical High Entropy Alloys
    SUN Hui, WU Huibin, XU Yaowen
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 11-18. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301002
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    High entropy alloys have great development potential in industry with the advantages of high strength,high hardness and corrosion resistance. The phases of typical high entropy alloys include solid solution phases, such as face-centered cubic (FCC) phase,body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase, and amorphous phases. The unique phase structure has an important influence on mechanical behaviors of high entropy alloys. The mechanical behaviors of high entropy alloys with different phase structures are reviewed, and the research progress on phase structure prediction methods of typical high entropy alloys, including empirical rule, CALPHAD method, first-principles calculation and machine learning method, are summarized. The future development direction of phase structure prediction of high entropy alloys is given.
    • Testing & Research
  • Uniaxial Ratchetting Behavior at Room Temperature of Polyether-Ether-Ketone
    ZHOU Min, YUAN Jianghong, KANG Guozheng
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 19-25,33. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301003
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    A series of asymmetric stress-controlled uniaxial cyclic tests were performed on polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) at room temperature, and the influence laws of stress level, loading history, stress rate and peak-stress holding time on the ratchetting behavior were studied. The results show that the PEEK exhibited obvious ratchetting behavior during the asymmetric stress cyclic loading, and the ratchetting strain consisted of the recoverable viscoelastic strain and the irrecoverable viscoplastic strain. Both the ratchetting strain and its rate increased with stress level. The ratchetting behavior of PEEK had an obvious loading history effect; the loading history under high mean stresses suppressed the ratchetting deformation in the subsequent cycle process under low mean stresses, and the loading history under low mean stresses had little effect on the ratchetting deformation in the subsequent cycle process under high mean stresses. The ratchetting behavior of PEEK showed obvious time-dependence; the lower the stress rate and the longer the peak-stress holding time, the larger the ratchetting strain.
  • Effect of Homogenization Annealing on Microstructure andMechanical Properties of Mg-4Zn-4Y Alloy
    ZHAI Chuantian, SUN Youping, LI Wangzhen, HE Jiangmei, WAN Siyu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 26-33. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301004
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    As-cast Mg-4Zn-4Y alloy was treated by homogenization annealing at different temperatures (440,460,480℃) for different holding times (4-24 h), and the effects of homogenization annealing on the microstructure and properties of the alloy were studied. The results show that there were α-Mg phase, W phase Mg3Zn3Y2, LPSO phase Mg12ZnY and yttrium-rich phase in the as-cast alloy. With increasing annealing temperature, most of the LPSO phase gradually dissolved into the matrix. With increasing annealing temperature and holding time, the content of yttrium-rich phase decreased, and the dendrite segregation was reduced. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the tensile strength of the alloy after homogenization annealing at 440℃ and 460℃ decreased slightly, and the percentage elongation after fracture changed slightly. The tensile strength and percentage elongation after fracture after homogenization annealing at 480℃ were relatively high, but the burning loss occurred. The best homogenization annealing of the alloy was 440℃×12 h.
  • Creep-Fatigue Interaction and Fracture Mechanism of X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 Steel
    CHANG Xubing, WANG Yong, LIN Lin, JI Dongmei
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 34-41,47. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301005
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    The creep-fatigue tests with load holding at maximum stress controlled by load with different stress ratios (0.2-0.4) and holding times (0.3-1.5 h) of X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 steel at 620℃ were carried out, and the creep-fatigue interaction and fracture mechanism of the steel were analyzed. The results show that the creep-fatigue life of the test steel had exponent relation with the holding time. The longer the loading time, the less the influence of stress ratio on creep-fatigue life. The creep fatigue interaction factor defined from the view of strain could well reflect the interaction between the true stress-true strain hysteretic curve and the creep fatigue life in the stable stage. The creep-fatigue fracture mode of the test steel was ductile fracture. When the holding time was short of 0.3, 0.5 h, the fatigue damage suppressed creep damage, and the damage was mainly controlled by cyclic fatigue load; the dimples on the fracture were caused by crystal boundary slide controlled by fatigue. When the holding time was long enough of 1.0, 1.5 h, the fatigue damage promoted creep damage, and the damage was mainly controlled by time-related creep load; the dimples on the fracture were caused by detachment of inclusions or second phase particles.
  • Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Properties of AluminumAlloy/Stainless Steel Cold Metal Transfer Twin Fusion Brazing Joint
    XIONG Jinye, XU Wanghui, YU Chen, QIN Binhao, XIAO Yifeng, YANG Qingfu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 42-47. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301006
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    The butt welding of 5083 aluminum alloy and 304 stainless steel was carried out by the cold metal transfer (CMT) twin fusion brazing process. Under the condition of ensuring good weld formation, the influence of welding heat input on the intermetallic compound (MC) layer thickness and tensile properties of the joint was studied and compared with that of the CMT single fusion brazing joint. The results show that the heat inputs of CMT twin and single fusion brazing joint weld to obtain good forming quality were 213.8-486.0, 379.6-590.6 J·mm-1, respectively. IMC at the interface of CMT twin and single fusion brazing joints was FeAl3 phase. With increasing heat input, the thickness of IMC layer of CMT twin or single fusion brazing joints increased, and the tensile strength decreased. The minimum thickness of IMC layer of CMT single fusion brazing joint was 9.59 μm, and at this time, the joint had the largest tensile strength of 76 MPa. The minimum thickness of IMC layer of CMT twin fusion brazing joint was 3.36 μm, and at this time, the joint had the largest tensile strength of 109 MPa.
  • Microstructure and Properties of SP-700 Titanium Alloy after High Temperature Solid Solution and Aging with Different Processes
    LI Cong, DING Zhili, HUANG Can, ZHOU Libo, CHEN Wei, CHEN Jian
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 48-55,64. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301007
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    SP-700 titanium alloy was treated by solid solution in β phase region at 1 000℃ for 15 min, and then was cooled to (α+β) phase region for solid solution at different temperatures (650-900℃) for different times (3-10 min) or was treated by single stage aging and or double stage aging including 280℃ low temperature pre-aging and the second aging at different temperatures (370-650℃) for different times (15, 90 min). The microstructure and properties of the alloy under different processes were studied. The results show that the volume fraction of α phase in the alloy after 850℃ solid solution increased with the solid solution time; when the solid solution time was 5 min, the alloy had good strong plastic matching. Under solid solution time of 5 min, the volume fraction of α phase decreased with increasing solid solution temperature; when the solid solution temperature was 650℃, the alloy had good strong-plastic matching. After β phase region solid solution and single/double stage aging, the alloy was basically composed of β grain, α phase and acicular martensite. After single stage aging at aging temperature of 650℃ for 90 min or double stage aging at aging temperature of 650℃ for 15 min, the alloy showed good strong-plastic matching.
  • Effect of Temperature on Fretting Wear Behaviors of Zr-4 Zirconium AlloyUnder Different Operating Conditions
    FANG Jingting, PENG Jinfang, TANG Pan, JIANG Junyao, SHEN Changhui, LI Kun, ZHU Minhao
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 56-64. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301008
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    A high-temperature fretting wear tester was used to conduct tangential fretting wear tests of Zr-4 alloy tubes, and the effects of test temperature (25,100,200,325℃) on fretting wear behaviors under different operating conditions (complete slip region and partial slip region) were studied by changing normal load. The results show that the friction coefficient in the complete slip region was higher than that in the partial slip region at the same test temperature, and the friction coefficient at 200, 325℃ under different operating conditions reached stability earlier. In the complete slip region, the wear mechanism of the alloy included abrasive wear, oxidation wear and delamination; the increase of temperature had great influence on fretting wear degree of the alloy, and the fretting wear degree reached the maximum at 325℃. In the partial slip region, the wear mechanism included delamination, adhesive wear and oxidation wear, and the fretting wear degree was little affected by the increase of test temperature. At the same temperature, the fretting wear in the partial slip region was much lower than that in the complete slip region. The increase of test temperature had obvious effect on fretting wear amount in the complete slip region, but had little effect on that in the partial slip region.
  • Effect of SiO2 Particle Morphology and Particle Size on Properties ofSiO2 Filled Hydrocarbon Resin Copper Clad Laminate
    ZHANG Enning, JIN Shilei, MA Fengling, DUAN Jiazhen, LI Xiaohui
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 65-69. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301009
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    SiO2 filled hydrocarbon resin copper clad laminate was prepared by impregnation and vacuum hot pressing technology with polybutadiene as resin matrix, glass fiber cloth as reinforcement and SiO2 as filler, and the effects of SiO2 particle morphology (spherical shape and irregular shape) and particle size (2-20 μm) on the dielectric properties, bending strength, peeling strength and water absorption of copper clad laminates were studied. The results show that with the same particle size, compared with the irregular SiO2 filled hydrocarbon resin copper clad laminate, the spherical SiO2 filled hydrocarbon resin copper clad laminate had relatively low dielectric constant, dielectric loss and water absorption, relatively high bending strength and peeling strength, and relatively good comprehensive performance. With increasing particle size of SiO2, the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, bending strength and water absorption of the spherical and irregular SiO2 filled hydrocarbon resin copper clad laminate decreased, while the peeling strength increased.
    • New Materials & Technology
  • Effect of TiC Content on Microstructure and Properties of Pressureless SinteredTiC-Al2O3 Conductive Ceramic Composites
    ZHANG Jin, HUANG Yuntao, YUE Xinyan, ZHANG Cuiping, RU Hongqiang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 70-75. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301010
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    Taking Al2O3 and TiC powders as raw materials, TiC-Al2O3 conductive ceramic composites were prepared by pressureless sintering technique. The effects of TiC content on the microstructure and properties of ceramic composites were investigated. The results show that TiC-Al2O3 conductive ceramic composites mainly consisted of Al2O3 phase and TiC phase. With increasing content of TiC, the relative density decreased, and the open porosity increased; when the TiC volume fraction was 30%, the ceramic composites had the maximum relative density of 95.5% and the minimum open porosity of 3.0%. The conductive phase TiC in ceramic composites was connected as a network structure; with increasing TiC content, the network structure formed by TiC became more complete,the hardness of ceramic composites increased first and then decreased, the resistivity and fracture toughness decreased, and the bending strength increased. When the TiC volume fraction was 45%, the bending strength was the highest and the conductivity was the lowest, which were 361 MPa, 6.95×10-6 Ω·m, respectively.
  • Microstructure and Particle Size Distribution of Cu-Ni Alloy Powder Preparedby Different Power Ultrasonic Assisted Electrical Discharge Machining
    WEI Yazhou, LIU Yifan, LI Xianglong
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 76-80. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301011
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    Cu-Ni alloy powders were synthesized by ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining (EDM) method with copper and nickel metals as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The effects of ultrasonic power (0, 500, 1 000, 1 500 W) on the crystal structure, micromorphology and particle size distribution of the alloy powder were investigated. The results show that the phases of Cu-Ni alloy powders synthesized by ultrasonic assisted EDM under different power conditions were all composed of Cu0.81Ni0.19, Ni, CuO, NiO and Fe2O3. The main crystal phase Cu0.81Ni0.19 had a face-centered cubic structure. With increasing ultrasonic power, the diffraction peak intensity of the Cu0.81Ni0.19 increased while the full width at half maximum became narrower, indicating the better crystallinity of the powder. Irregular particles with large size appeared in Cu-Ni alloy powders synthesized by the ultrasonic assisted method, but the size of spherical particles decreased and the distribution range of particle size became wider. With increasing ultrasonic power, the average particle size D50 decreased.
    • Material Properties & Application
  • Effect of Chloride Ion Concentration in Drilling Fluid on Friction and Wear Properties of N80 Oil Casing Steel
    LI Xicheng, TANG Xizhi, XUE Jibiao, ZHAN Ning, ZHANG Pengxiang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301012
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    Pin-on-disk friction and wear tests were conducted on N80 oil casing steel disc sample and G105 drill pipe steel pin sample in water-based drilling fluids with different chloride ion concentrations (0, 0.34, 0.68, 1.02 mol·L-1). The effect of chloride ion concentration on friction and wear properties of N80 steel were investigated. The results show that with increasing chloride ion concentration, the wear rate of N80 steel and the friction coefficient of pin-disc friction pair increased first and then decreased, and both reached the highest values with chloride ion concentration of 0.68 mol·L-1, which were 2.2×10-6 mm3·N-1·m-1 and 0.85, respectively. During friction and wear in the drilling fluid without chloride ions, abrasive wear mainly occurred in N80 steel; with chloride ions, corrosion-abrasive wear occurred. The chloride ions could destroy the oxidation layer on surface of N80 steel, improving the surface roughness, thereby increasing the wear rate. When the concentration of chloride ions was as high as 1.02 mol·L-1, the oxidation layer was completely destroyed, making the surface roughness decrease, thereby reducing the wear rate.
  • Effect of Copper-Doped TiN Coating and Ionic Liquid Composite Lubrication Systemon Current-Carrying Tribological Properties of Copper/Copper Friction Pair
    WU Hao, XIA Yanqiu, WU Lining, LIN Feihu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 86-92. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301013
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    TiN coating and TiN coatings doped with 10% and 20% (atom fraction) copper were prepared on copper substrate by multi arc ion plating. Using 1-octyl-3-methylimidazole double (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide salt (OMImNTf2) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazole double (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide salt (C12MImNTf2) as the lubricant, the effect of coating and ionic liquid composite lubrication system on current-carrying tribological properties of copper/copper friction pair at different voltages (0.5,1 V) were studied. The results show that the TiN coating/OMImNTf2 composite lubrication system showed relatively good synergistic lubrication effect at the same voltage, while the TiN coating/C12MImNTf2 composite lubrication system exhibited relatively good conductivity property. The difference of friction coefficient and contact resistance of friction pair under composite lubrication system of copper-doped TiN coating and two ionic liquids was very small. When the voltage increased from 0.5 V to 1 V, the tribological properties of friction pair under composite lubrication system consisted of TiN coating,TiN coating doped with 10% copper and C12MImNTf2 was more stable. The friction pair containing TiN coating doped with 12% copper had the smallest friction coefficient and contact resistance.
  • Current-Carrying Friction and Wear Performance of Carbon CeramicComposites in Rain Water Environment
    REN Yubo, PENG Jinfang, CAO Chao, TANG Pan, SHEN Changhui, FANG Jingting, ZHU Minhao
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 93-99,110. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301014
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    The current-carrying friction and wear tests of carbon ceramic composite for brake disc were carried out by the pin-disk friction and wear testing machine, and the friction and wear properties of carbon ceramic composite under different friction conditions were studied. The results show that in rainwater environment without current-carrying, with rainwater flow rate increasing from 0 to 1 mL·min-1, the surface roughness of carbon ceramic composite decreased significantly, while the friction coefficient and wear rate decreased slightly; the wear mechanism included spalling and slight oxidation wear. Under the current-carrying condition without rainwater, with current intensity increasing from 0 to 100 A, the surface roughness and friction coefficient decreased significantly, and the wear rate increased obviously; the wear mechanism included spalling, abrasive wear, adhesive wear and arc ablation. Compared with those affected by the single factor, the surface roughness and friction coefficient decreased significantly under the combined action of current carrying and rainwater, but the law of the wear rate increasing with the rainwater flow or the current intensity was not obvious; the wear mechanism was spalling, oxidation wear, abrasive wear and adhesive wear.
  • Effect of Microstructure Characteristics on Formability and Tensile Behavior of 980 MPa Grade Advanced Ultra-high Strength Steels
    WANG Qiuyu, XIA Mingsheng, LIU Shuying, ZHANG Saijuan, XU Kuan, LI Liming
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 100-105,118. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301015
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    Taking CP980 steel, DP980 steel and QP980 steel as research objects, the effect of microstructure characteristics on uniaxial tensile behavior and global and local formability of 980 MPa grade advanced ultra-high strength steels was studied by uniaxial tensile test and digital image correlation. The results show that QP980 steel was composed of martensite, ferrite and residual austenite; the phase transformation induced plasticity effect induced by austenite transformation during uniform deformation made the steel have the best global formability, but the hardness difference between the new martensite phase and other phases was large, resulting in the worst local formability and the formation of quasi cleavage fracture.The DP980 steel was composed of ferrite and martensite, and its strengthening mechanism was mainly martensitic hard phase strengthening and ferrite dislocation strengthening; the global formability was in the middle. Due to a certain coordination deformation ability between ferrite and martensite, the local formability of DP980 steel was good, and its fracture form was mainly ductile fracture. CP980 steel consisted of ferrite, bainite and martensite. The hardness difference of each phase was small, and the coordination deformation ability was strong; so the local formability was the best, and the fracture form was the ductile fracture.
    • Physical Simulation & Numerical Simulation
  • Evaluation of Aging Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Based on Indentation Testing Technology
    DAI Xingchen, HUANG Yichang, GUAN Kaishu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 106-110. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301016
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    The thermal oxygen accelerated aging test for different times (0,168,312,408 h) of polyethylene specimen was carried out at 85℃, and the maximum load of polyethylene specimen with different aging times was obtained by indentation testing technology. The linear relationship between yield strength and maximum load was established by finite element numerical simulation, and the yield strength after aging was calculated and compared with the tensile test results. The results show that with the extension of aging time, the yield strength of polyethylene specimens obtained by tensile test gradually increased, and the maximum load obtained by indentation test also gradually increased. The linear correlation coefficient between the maximum load and yield strength of polyethylene specimen indentation test established by finite element method was 0.995, and the relative error between the yield strength of polyethylene specimen with different aging times calculated with the maximum load obtained by indentation test and the tensile test results was less than 1.5%, indicating that the indentation testing technology could accurately obtain the yield strength of polyethylene after aging.
  • Microstructure Characteristics and Thermodynamic Calculation ofPrecipitation Phases in a New Ni-Co-Based Superalloy
    ZHUANG Xinpeng, TAN Yi, ZHAO Longhai, CUI Chuanyong, CUI Hongyang, YOU Xiaogang, LI Pengting
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2023, 47(1): 111-118. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202301017
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    The as-cast microstructure of a new Ni-Co-based superalloy was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The thermodynamic calculation of the alloy was carried out by JMatPro software under equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification conditions to study the phase precipitation characteristics. The results show that the test alloy exhibited dendritic morphology and severe segregation, and mainly consisted of γ' phase, η phase, γ/γ' eutectic structure and MC carbides. Under equilibrium solidification conditions, the main precipitation phases of the test alloy were γ', η, μ, σ, carbides and borides. Increasing Ti and Al content led to an increase in γ' phase precipitation amount and precipitation temperature. The precipitation temperature and amount of η phase increased linearly with increasing Ti content. In the non-equilibrium solidification process, Ti and Mo elements were enriched in the liquid phase, while Al, Cr, Co and W elements were poor in the liquid phase.
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