20 October 2022, Volume 46 Issue 10
    

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  • Research Progress on Affecting Factors of Diamond-Like Carbon FilmTribological Properties and Improvements
    ZHOU Qiong, WEN Yadong, ZHANG Ergeng, HUANG Biao, LI Yaodong, LIANG Dandan, CHEN Qiang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a kind of metastable amorphous material containing diamond structure (sp3 hybrid bond) and graphite structure (sp2 hybrid bond), and has excellent characteristics such as high hardness, corrosion resistance, low friction coefficient, wear resistance. However, DLC also has problems such as large internal stress, poor thermal stability and sensitive tribological behavior caused by different preparation process and deposition parameters, which greatly limits its industrial application. The affecting factors of DLC film tribology properties are summarized from two aspects of the intrinsic factors and external factors. The improvements of DLC film tribology properties are discussed from heterogeneous elements doping and surface texture. The research trend of tribological properties of DLC film is prospected.
  • Research Progress of Photocatalytic Materials for Denitrification
    CAO Yida, LIU Chengbao, CHEN Feng, QIAN Junchao, XU Xiaojing, MENG Xianrong, CHEN Zhigang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 8-14. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210002
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    Reducing NOx emission is one of the most critical global environmental problems. At present, the traditional denitrification technology generally has the problems of high reaction temperature, low catalytic efficiency and high cost. Therefore, new photocatalytic NOx removal technologies such as photocatalytic oxidation and photocatalytic selective reduction have attracted great attention. The research progress in NOx removal by photocatalytic materials is reviewed from two aspects including photocatalytic oxidation and photocatalytic selective reduction. The types of photocatalytic materials, the removal principle and the factors affecting the removal efficiency are emphasized. Finally, the prospects for future development of photocatalytic materials used for denitrification are presented.
    • Testing & Research
  • Element Volatilization Behavior of Inconel 718 Alloy byElectron Beam Smelting Layered Solidification
    ZHAO Longhai, TAN Yi, BAI Rusheng, YOU Xiaogang, ZHUANG Xinpeng, CUI Hongyang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 15-20,26. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210003
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    Based on the model of element volatilization pattern of electron beam refined Inconel 718 alloy, the short-time and long-time melting electron beam smelting layered solidification processes were designed,and the element volatilization pattern of Inconel 718 alloy prepared by electron beam smelting layered solidification and the influence of the smelting time and the layer mass on the element volatilization behavior were investigated. The results show that in order to achieve precise element controlling of Inconel 718 alloy by electron beam smelting layered solidification, the layer mass should be controlled to at least 450 g when the electron beam power was 12 kW and the refining time was 10 min. During the electron beam smelting layered solidification, the melting time should be reduced as much as possible (less than 240 s), and the electron beam power should directly increase to 12 kW for refining, which could effectively avoid excessive mass loss caused by long-term melting. The increase of the layer mass had little effect on the volatilization of alloying elements during the electron beam smelting layered solidification, but was beneficial to the precise controlling of alloy composition.
  • Friction and Wear Properties of Different Constituent SiliconizedGraphite Composites
    WANG Zixuan, XUE Rong, ZHU Congzhen, LIN Haoran, WANG Jiping
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 21-26. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210004
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    Taking two kinds of constituent siliconized graphite composites prepared by reactive molten infiltration with different isostatic pressures (40 MPa and 70 MPa) and commercially purchased Russian-made siliconized graphite composites as research objects, the phase composition, microstructure and friction and wear properties under water lubrication conditions of three kinds of constituent siliconized graphite composites were studied. The results show that the phases of the siliconized graphite composites were composed of carbon phase, silicon carbide phase and silicon phase, which were distributed as a three-dimensional network embedded. When the carbon phase content was relatively low and the silicon graphite content was relatively high, friction coefficient of siliconized graphite composites increased with the load; when the carbon phase content was relatively high and silicon carbide content was relatively low, the friction coefficient increased first and then decreased with the load. The wear loss of different constituent siliconized graphite composites was extremely low, and the siliconized graphite composites had excellent wear resistance. The wear mechanism was mainly abrasive wear.
  • Effect of Laser Power on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladding Layer of WC Reinforced Ni35 Alloy
    LIU Weibin, LI Xinmei, JING Zhenyu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 27-33. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210005
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    WC reinforced Ni35 alloy ladding layers were prepared on 45 steel surface by laser cladding at different laser powers (1.1, 1.3, 1.5 kW). The effect of laser power on the microstructure and performance of the cladding layer was studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, micro Vickers hardness tester, friction and wear testing machine, electrochemical workstation, etc. The results show that with increasing laser power, the macroscopic cracks on the surface of the cladding layer decreased, and the dilution rate of the cladding layer increased. With increasing laser power, the microhardness of the cladding layer increased, and the wear loss and friction factor decreased. The wear resistance of cladding layers with different laser powers was better than that of the matrix. When the laser power was 1.5 kW, the average hardness of the cladding layer surface was increased by 270%, and the wear loss and friction factor was reduced by 95.2% and 54.93%, comparing with that of the matrix. With increasing laser power, the self-corrosion potential of the cladding layer decreased first and then increased, and the self-corrosion current density increased first and then decreased. When the laser power was 1.5 kW, the self-corrosion current density of the cladding layer was the smallest, the corrosion resistance was relatively good.
  • Effect of TiC Content on Structure and Properties of SiC-TiC CeramicComposites by Pressureless Liquid Phase Sintering
    HAN Lingfeng, ZHAO Yiliang, ZHANG Cuiping, YUE Xinyan, RU Hongqiang, WANG Wei
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 34-38. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210006
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    Taking SiC powder and TiC powder as raw materials, Al2O3-Y2O3 as sintering aid, SiC-TiC ceramic composites were prepared by pressureless liquid phase sintering, and the effect of TiC content (35vol%-45vol%) on the microstructure and properties of the ceramic composites was studied. The results show that the phase composition of the ceramic composites was SiC, TiC, YAG(Y3Al5O12)and YAM(Y4Al2O9). With increasing TiC content, TiC particles were formed to be a continuous network structure gradually; the open porosity of the ceramic composites decreased first and then increased, the relative density, flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers hardness and volume resistivity increased first and then decreased, and the volume resistivity decreased. When the TiC content was 40vol%, the ceramic composites had the excellent comprehensive properties, and the relative density, open porosity, flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers hardness and volume resistivity were 98.1%, 0.28%, 429 MPa, 5.87 MPa·m1/2, 26 GPa and 1.66×10-5 Ω·m, respectively.
  • Effect of Oxygen-enriched Atmosphere Sintering on Microstructure and Electrical Properties of SnO2 Varistors
    SUN Guanyue, ZHAO Hongfeng, LIU Dongji, ZHOU Yuanxiang, XIE Qingyun
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 39-43. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210007
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    SnO2 varistors were sintered in air atmosphere and oxygen-enriched atmosphere (oxygen volume fractions of 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively), and the effects of oxygen content in sintering atmosphere on microstructure and electrical properties of SnO2 varistors were studied. The results show that the phase composition and grain size of the varistor sintered in the oxygen-riched atmosphere were similar to those sintered in the air atmosphere, and the varistor had fewer pores and better compactness. With increasing oxygen content in the oxygen-riched atmosphere, the electrical performance of the varistor increased, especially when the oxygen volume fraction was 50%, the nonlinear coefficient of the varistor increased by 46.9%, the voltage gradient increased by 45.9%, and leakage current was reduced by 30.0%.
  • Austenite Grain Growth Behavior of Q460GJD Steel During Heat Treatmentafter Multidirectional Forging
    ZHANG Ying, SUN Xiaowei, NING Angang, LUO Zhiyong
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 44-48,55. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210008
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    The homogenized Q460GJD steel ingot for construction was multidirectionally forged and heat treated, and the effects of heating temperature (950-1 250℃) and holding time (0.5-8 h) on the austenite grain growth behavior after multidirectional forging were studied. Based on Sellars model, the austenite grain growth model was established after fitting the test data. The results show that the austenite grain size difference in as-cast Q460GJD steel was relatively large, and the mixed grains appeared. After multidirectional forging, the grain was obviously refined, and the mixed grains were eliminated. The average grain size of austenite increased with heating temperature or holding time, and the effect of heating temperature on the grain size was greater than that of holding time. The average grain size calculated by the established austenite grain growth model was in good agreement with the test value, and the relative error was less than 5%, indicating that the model had a certain reliability.
  • Selective Laser Melting Forming Process Optimization of 12Cr9NiAlMo DieSteel and Microstructure and Properties after Heat Treatment
    WANG Jinhai, YI Chuanming, XIAO Gang, WAN Keqian, WANG Wenyun
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 49-55. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210009
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    The influence of laser power, scanning spacing and scanning speed on the relative density of selective laser melting formed 12Cr9NiAlMo steel was studied by orthogonal experiments, and the optimal process parameters were obtained. The structure and properties of samples formed by the optimal process after solution and aging treatment were studied. The results show that the laser power had the greatest effect on the relative density of the formed samples, followed by the scanning spacing. The optimal process parameters were laser power of 325 W, scanning space of 0.10 mm, and scanning speed of 1 000 mm·s-1, and the relative density was 99.22%. After heat treatment, part of the residual austenite in samples formed by the optimal process was transformed to martensite, and a large number of fine NiAl phase precipitated. The tensile strength, yield strength and hardness increased by 62.1%, 59.6%, 41.2%, and the percentage elongation after fracture and impact absorbing energy decreased by 40.0%, 81.3%, comparing with those without heat-treatment.
  • Creep Fracture Characteristics of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloy at Different Temperatures
    HAN Fengkui, LIU Beilei, WU Baoping, XUE Xin, ZHAO Jingxuan
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 56-60. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210010
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    Creep tests were carried out on DD407 single crystal superalloy under different conditions (760℃/750 MPa, 850℃/500 MPa, 980℃/260 MPa, 1 050℃/140 MPa). The creep fracture morphology and the microstructure and dislocations after creep fracture were observed. The mechanism of creep fracture was analyzed. The results show that at 760℃, the test alloy fractured in slip shear modes, and the strengthening phase γ' was slightly deformed, but no obvious rafting structures were found; creep dislocations were mainly distributed at the γ/γ' phase interface, and only a small number of dislocations entered the γ' phase. At 850℃, the alloy still mainly fractured in slip shear modes, and the γ' phase began to show rafting structures. At 980℃ and 1 050℃, the alloy had ductile fracture, and the rafting of the γ' phase became more serious with the creep temperature. Under the condition of 1 050℃/140 MPa, a large number of dislocations were packed in the γ matrix channel, and a large number of dislocations cut into the γ' phase in the form of long straight dislocation lines.
    • New Materials & Technology
  • Compression Properties of Ti-15Mo Porous Alloy with Different PoreStructures Formed by Selective Laser Melting
    ZENG Wencan, CHEN Jian, REN Yanjie, ZHOU Libo
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 61-67. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210011
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    The porous Ti-15Mo alloy samples with homogeneous pore body-centered cubic (UBCC), face-centered cubic (UFCC) and corresponding gradient pore body-centered cubic (GBCC), face-centered cubic (GFCC) structures were formed by selective laser melting (SLM). The microscopic morphology, compression deformation characteristics and energy absorption characteristics of the alloys were studied. The compression failure behavior was analyzed. The results show that the elastic modulus of SLM formed four kinds of pore structure porous alloys were 0.3-1 GPa and the compressive plateau stress was 28-48 MPa, which were similar to those of human trabecular bone (elastic modulus 0.2-5 GPa and compressive strength 4-70 MPa); the elastic modulus and compressive strength of UFCC and GFCC structure alloys were higher than those of UBCC and GBCC structure alloys, with GFCC structure alloy being the highest. The energy absorption characteristics of the gradient pore structure alloys were better than those of the uniform pore structure, and the GFCC structure alloy had the highest energy absorption characteristics, whose total absorption energy was 6.60 J·cm-3; Both uniform pore and gradient pore structure alloys caused cracking due to stress concentration at the junction.
  • Preparation and Properties of Ethynylphenyl Terminated Telechelic Poly (Imide-Siloxane)
    JIANG Han, HUANG Xiongrong, WANG Wei, YUAN Qiaolong, HUANG Farong
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210012
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    4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DMA), 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) and 3,4'-ODA aromatic diamine were mixed with the amino-end capped polysiloxane to polymerize with fluorine-contained aromatic dianhydride, which was terminated with 3-ethynyl aniline to obtain three telechelic ethynylphenyl terminated poly(imide-siloxane) (ATIS) resins. The structure, processability, curing behavior, thermal stability of different ATIS resins and friction properties of PTFE fiber cloth reinforced ATIS composites were studied. The results show that the prepared ATIS resins had good solubility in aprotic polar solvents with processing window of 40-60℃ and curing exothermal enthalpy lower than 250 J·g-1; ATIS resin with 3,4'-ODA had the widest processing window, and ATIS resin with 4,4'-ODA had the lowest curing exothermal enthalpy. The mass residual yield at 800℃ of cured resin in N2 was about 30%. The friction coefficient of PTFE/ATIS composites was relatively high in the initial wear stage, and dropped to below 0.15 in 30 min, and kept stable in 30-240 min; the friction coefficient of composite with MDA was higher than that of composites with ODA after 90 min.
    • Materia Testing and Equipment
  • Effect of Deposition Temperature on Microstructure and Properties ofArc Ion Plated CrN Coating on 20CrMnTi Carburized Steel Surface
    YANG Hu, WANG Renxin, GUO Ziming, LIN Rongchuan
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 75-80. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210013
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    Low temperature CrN coating was prepared on 20CrMnTi carburized steel surface by arc ion plating. The effect of deposition temperature (120,150,180℃) on the microstructure and properties of the coating was studied. The results show that the prepared CrN coating was composed of Cr2N phase and CrN phase. The thickness of the coating increased with deposition temperature, and the surface roughness first decreased and then increased. The coating prepared at 150℃ had the lowest surface roughness, and the coating surface had the best surface quality. With increasing deposition temperature, the residual compressive stress and hardness on surface of the coating increased first and then decreased, and reached the highest values at 150℃, which were 262 MPa and 754.29 HV, respectively. The coating prepared at 150℃ had the smallest friction coefficient of 0.251 7, and the main wear mechanism of the coating was abrasive wear and adhesive wear; the CrN coating prepared at 120℃ and 180℃ also underwent oxidation wear.
  • Effect of Rolling Deformation Amount on Microstructure and AntibacterialProperties of Silver-Containing Copper Alloy
    ZHOU Bowei, WU Biao, ZHAO Wei, XIANG Hongliang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 81-86. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210014
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    Copper alloy with 0.11wt% silver was rolled at room temperature and the effect of rolling deformation amount (30%, 50%, 70%) on its structure and antimicrobial properties was studied. The results show that the grain size of the silver-containing copper alloy decreased with increasing rolling deformation. With rolling deformation amount of 70%, the average grain size decreased from 143 μm without rolling to 1.4 μm, and the deformation twins were reduted to almost vanishing. The nano-silver particles existed in silver-containing copper alloys and segregated in areas with high defect density such as dislocation wall and dislocation entanglement at grain boundaries, and after rolling nano-silver particles distributed uniformly. Rolling could improve the antimicrobial properties of silver-containing copper alloy, and the larger the deformation amount, the better the antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial rate of the silver-containing copper alloy after rolling with 70% deformation amount in contact with Escherichia coli suspension for 6 h exceeded 99.9%, and the antimicrobial effect could last more than 12 h, which was related to the fact that increasing the rolling deformation amount could increase the number of defects and the density of grain boundaries in the alloy, and promote the dispersion distribution of nano-silver particles.
  • Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of A286 Iron-Based Superalloy Laser Welded Joint
    ZHANG Bingxian, LEI Longyu, DU Mingke, ZHANG Yunlong, ZHANG Min
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 87-91,97. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210015
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    A laser welding method was used to conduct welding experiments on A286 iron-based superalloy thin plates and the welded joints were subjected to heat heatment with 982℃ solid solution, and 982℃ solid solution+718℃ aging. The influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints was studied. The results show that the weld structure of the welded joint was mainly composed of austenite, δ ferrite and γ' phases without heat heatment. After solid solution, the δ ferrite content in the joint weld increased, and the number of γ' phases decreased; the strength and hardness of the joint changed little, compared with those at weld state, but the elongation after the fracture increased from 17.3% at the weld state to 22.7%. After solid solution+aging, most of the δ ferrite in the joint weld structure was converted to austenite, whose grains were coarsened; a large number of diffuse distribution γ' phases were precipitated, and the tensile strength and yield strength of the welded joint increased from 639, 360 MPa at solid solution state to 1 019, 662 MPa; the average hardness reached 200% of solid solution state, but the elongation after the fracture was reduced to 17.1%.
  • Effect of Cold Deformation on Microstructure and Properties ofSanicro 25 Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steel
    QIAO Jixin, SHEN Junjie, WANG Xinyu
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 92-97. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210016
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    Cold rolling deformation with deformation amounts of 0, 20%, 50% was conducted on Sanicro 25 austenitic heat-resistant steel. The effects of the cold deformation on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the steel were investigated by microstructure observation, electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction, tensile tests and hardness tests. The results show that no new phases were formed in the test steel during cold deformation under the test conditions. With the increase of cold deformation, the numbers of twins and dislocation density in the test steel were improved. The grain orientation 〈111〉, 〈001〉 of the test steel in the inverse pole figure z direction was unstable orientation. A new {112}〈110〉 texture was produced by cold deformation. With the increase of cold deformation, the strength of Rotated cube {001}〈110〉 and Goss {110}〈001〉 textures of the test steel generally showed a weakening trend, the tensile strength, yield strength and hardness increased, and the ability to resist plastic deformation was weakened.
  • Microstructure and Properties of WC-Cr7C3 Composite ReinforcedIron-Based Laser Cladding Layer
    WANG Haomin, WANG Guoqing, XIONG Yangkai, JIANG Hao, ZHAO Yuantao, FANG Zhiqiang, LI Wenge
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 98-105. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210017
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    Taking chromium powder, tungsten powder, graphite powder and iron powder as cladding layer raw materials, and Ni60 alloy powder as bonding layer raw material, WC-Cr7C3 composite reinforced iron-based cladding layer was prepared on the surface of 45 steel substrate by laser cladding technique. The macroscopic morphology of the cladding layer under different laser power (2 500-3 500 W) and scanning speed (2-5 mm·s-1) was studied to determine the optimal process parameters, and the microstructure and properties of the cladding layer under the optimal process were analyzed. The results show that the optimal laser cladding process parameters were the laser power of 3 500 W and the scanning speed of 2 mm·s-1. The WC-Cr7C3 composite carbides with network structure were in situ spontaneously generated in the cladding layer. From the surface to the interior of the cladding layer, the microstructure gradually changed from equiaxed and dendrite to columnar and plane crystal. The average hardness of the cladding layer was 507.6 HV, which was about 63.8% higher than that of the matrix. The average stable friction coefficient was 0.128, which was only one forth of the matrix, and the wear rate was 4.9×105 cm3·N-1·m-1, which was only one ninth of the matrix; the wear form was slight abrasive wear and slight adhesive wear.
    • Failure Analysis
  • Cracking Cause of 7075 Aluminum Alloy High Lock Nut
    CHENG Quanshi, HUANG Qingmei, YE Lingying, XU Yongchun
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 106-112. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210018
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    High lock nuts were made from 7075-T73 aluminum alloy that was obtained by T73 heat-treating 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. After serving in an atmospheric environment for about 3.5 a, many nuts cracked. The crack reason was analyzed by chemical composition analysis, microstructure and fracture morphology observation, residual stress testing and other methods. The results show that stress corrosion cracking occurred in the 7075 aluminum alloy high lock nut during service. After the high lock nut was installed, the circumferential residual tensile stress was generated at the closing part, and the surface oxide film was cracked, making the metal substrate in contact with corrosive media in atmosphere. The second phase precipitated locally and continuously along grain boundaries during the heat treatment from T6 to T73 states, providing channels for crack initiation and propagation. Under the combination of these factors, stress corrosion cracking occurred in the high lock nut.
  • Cracking Cause of Tin Plate for Easy-Opening Lid and Improvements
    LAN Haotian, QIN Song, XU Xiaohan, SONG Yifeng, YUE Chongxiang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(10): 113-118. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202210019
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    The tin plate for easy-opening lid produced by a steel factory cracked at the rivet during the lid making process, and the cracking rate was about 0.08%, which was lower than the customer's expected quality requirements. The cracking reasons were analyzed by chemical composition analysis, mechanical property testing, microstructure observation and inclusion analysis, and the improvements were suggested. The results show that the ductile fracture occurred on the rivets of easy-opening lids. The presence of large Al2O3 and CaO inclusions at the edge of the rivets and the obvious thickness thinning were the direct and indirect causes of the lidding cracking of the tin plate, respectively. After the ladle refining furnace (LF) refining process during the smelting process changed to the molten steel vacuum circulating degassing (RH) refining process, the number of inclusions per square millimeter in the finished tin plate was 4.7, and the maximum size was 15.5 μm, which were significantly lower than the 49.8 per square millimeter and 38.9 μm before the process improvement, and no cluster large inclusions were found, indicating that the RH refining process had a better control effect on the inclusions. The chemical composition, hardness, tensile properties and microstructure with the RH refining process were all met the requirements for easy-opening lids, and the cracking rate of lidding was reduced to less than 0.01%.
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