20 January 2022, Volume 46 Issue 1
    

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    Technical Review
  • Research Progress on Preparation Technology and Application of Titanium Foam
    ZHANG Zhen, MA Yinghan, HU Zhengfei, TU Haoyun, BAI Jiaxu, DUAN Yuhang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 1-6,13. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Titanium foam is widely used in aerospace, military, marine engineering, automotive, biomedical, and other industries because it has low density, good mechanical properties, and unique functional features. The main preparation methods of titanium foam, such as sintering method, adding pore forming agent method, dipping method, gel casting method and 3D printing method are described. The compression properties, energy absorption properties, biocompatibility, electromagnetic shielding property, sound absorption property and fretting wear property, as well as its broad application prospect in the field of biomedicine, battery electrode and aerospace are discussed.
    • Testing & Research
  • Effect of Raw Material Particle Size on Compression Performance and Energy Release Characteristics of Ni/Al Energetic Structural Material
    DING Qingyun, MA Dan, ZHAO Hongbao, MA Chaoqun, LUO Xinyi
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 7-13. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201002
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    Ni and Al powders with particle size of 5 μm and 45—75 μm (1#), 0.2 μm and 45—75 μm (2#), 0.2 μm and 0.5 μm (3#), respectively, and with molar ratio of 1:1 were mixed, and then Ni/Al energetic structural material samples were prepared by vacuum hot-pressing. The effect of powder particle size on the compression performance and energy release characteristics of the samples was studied. The results show that the three samples all had a Al3Ni diffusion layer formed at the Ni/Al interface. In 1# sample, the Ni particles uniformly distributed in the continuous Al matrix, and the compression performance was relatively good. In 2# sample, the Ni particles agglomerated, and the relative density and compressive strength were the lowest. In 3# sample, the Ni phase was continuous matrix, and the densification and compressive strength were the highest, but the most Al3Ni was formed. As the particle size of the powders decreased, the exothermic reaction energy density of the three samples increased, up to 1 147.8 J·g-1, the reaction activation energy was reduced, and the energy release efficiency was improved. The energy release characteristics of 3# sample were the best.
  • Effect of Nb and Ta Addition on Deformation Mechanism and Tensile Properties of TiMoZr Alloys
    WANG Min, LU Liming, WANG Changhao, LI Qianli, YOU Jinglin
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 14-18. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201003
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    Ti-8Mo-2Zr, Ti-8Mo-4Nb-2Zr and Ti-8Mo-4Nb-2Zr-2Ta (atom fraction/%) alloys were prepared by cold crucible induction levitation melting, rolling and solution treatment. The effects of Nb and Ta additions on the microstructure, tensile properties and deformation mechanism of the alloys were investigated. The results show that only one single β phase existed in all the three alloys. The β phase grain size decreased in turn with addition of Nb and Nb+Ta. Ti-8Mo-2Zr alloy deformed mainly by stress-induced α″ martensitic transformation and {332} twinning, while only dislocation slip appeared in the Ti-8Mo-4Nb-2Zr and Ti-8Mo-4Nb-2Zr-2Ta alloys. The change of deformation mechanisms led to the increase in alloy strength and decrease in ductility. The grain refinement strengthening effect and the solution strengthening effect produced by additions of Nb and Ta further improved the strength of the alloy; the tensile strength of the Ti-8Mo-4Nb-2Zr-2Ta alloy was as high as 970 MPa.
  • Effect of Trace Zr on Microstructure and Properties of AlSi10Mg Alloy Formed by Selective Laser Melting
    JU Chengwei, HU Zhenguang, ZHANG Xiuhai, WEI Jingquan, ZHANG Yujie, LI Weizhou
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 19-25. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201004
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    AlSi10Mg alloys with different mass fractions (0-0.5%) of Zr were formed by selective laser melting, and treated by solution and aging. The effect of Zr on microstructure and properties of the alloy was studied. The results show that the alloys before heat treatment were mainly composed of α-Al phase and eutectic silicon phase. ZrAlSi phase was formed in the alloy after adding Zr. With increasing Zr addition, the α-Al phase and the eutectic silicon phase were refined first and then coarsened, and the refinement effect was the best when the mass fraction of Zr was 0.3%, while the size of ZrAlSi phase continued to increase. After heat treatment, the structure was further refined, and a massive ZrAlSi phase appeared when the mass fraction of Zr was greater than 0.3%. The hardness and compressive strength of the alloy increased first and then decreased with increasing Zr addition, and reached the peak when the mass fraction of Zr was 0.3%. Heat treatment further improved the mechanical properties of the alloy.
  • Microstructure and Properties of TiC Particle-Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Prepared by Cryomilling Combined with Plasma Activated Sintering
    GENG Xiangwei, LI Li, SUN Yi, ZHANG Jian
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 26-34. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201005
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    TiC particle-reinforced titanium matrix composites (TMC1) were fabricated by cryomilling combined with plasma activated sintering. The phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of TMC1 sample were studied and compared with the composites (TMC2) prepared by ordinary high energy ball milling combined with plasma activated sintering. The results show that the matrix of TMC1 sample was composed of uniform and fine equiaxial α grains and β transformed phase with TiC particles dispersed evenly. The grain size of TMC1 sample was much smaller than that of TMC2 sample. TMC1 samples sintered at 900-1 200 ℃ were compact, and the compressive strength and hardness decreased with increasing sintering temperature. The relative density, hardness, and strength of TMC1 sample were higher than those of TMC2 sample. The strengthening mechanism of TMC1 sample was particle strengthening mechanism and fine grain strengthening mechanism.
  • Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering Temperature on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Si/MnZn(Fe2O4)2 Soft Magnetic Composites
    WEI Tianxiang, YAN Liang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 35-40,46. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201006
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    Fe-Si/MnZn(Fe2O4)2 core shell structure powder was prepared by ball milling, and Fe-Si/MnZn(Fe2O4)2 soft magnetic composite was prepared by spark plasma sintering. The effects of sintering temperature (600—1 000 ℃) on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the composite were studied. The results show that Fe-Si/MnZn(Fe2O4)2 composite after sintering at different temperatures was composed of Fe-Si alloy particles and MnZn(Fe2O4)2 phase between the particles. When sintered at 600-700 ℃, the composite was densified by mechanical bonding, which belonged to undersintering. When sintered at 800-900 ℃, good metallurgical bonding was achieved, which belonged to complete sintering. When sintered at 1 000 ℃, the MnZn(Fe2O4)2 ferrite layer between the particles was damaged, which belonged to oversintering. With increasing sintering temperature, the magnetic properties of the composite increased first and then decreased. The magnetic properties were the best at a sintering temperature of 900 ℃, and the saturation magnetization was the highest, 1 476 kA·m-1, the coercive force was the lowest, 548.3 A·m-1, the core loss was low, and the amplitude permeability was stable.
  • Refinement Mechanism of β Phase During Laser Shock Peening of TC4 Duplex Titanium Alloy
    JI Feifei
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 41-46. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201007
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Laser shock peening (LSP) technology was used to strengthen the surface of TC4 duplex titanium alloy (impact 0-3 times). The grain refinement mechanism of β phase and the changes of residual stress, surface hardness and fatigue strength before and after strengthening were studied. The results show that during the process of LSP, dislocations in the β phase grains firstly formed dislocation lines by slipping. As the plastic deformation intensified, dislocations piled up continuously to form dislocation walls and dislocation cells. After further movement of dislocations, sub grain boundaries were formed, and the grain refinement was achieved through dynamic recrystallization. After three times of impact strengthening, the grain size of the alloy was reduced from 21.33 μm of the original sheet to 4.68 μm. As the time of LSP increased, the residual compressive stress, microhardness and fatigue strength of the alloy surface increased.
  • Effect of Process Parameters on Forming Quality and Hardness of TA32 Titanium Alloy Formed by Selective Laser Melting
    RAN Jiangtao, JIANG Fengchun, CHEN Zhuo, ZHAO Hong
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 47-55,60. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201008
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    TA32 titanium alloy samples were prepared by laser selective melting (SLM), and the effects of laser power (200—400 W), scanning speed (800—1 200 mm·s-1) and scanning distance (90—130 μm) on the forming quality and hardness were studied. The results show that as the scanning speed increased, the surface roughness of SLM formed TA32 titanium alloy decreased first and then increased, and the relative density and Vickers hardness gradually decreased. As the scanning distance increased, the surface roughness of the titanium alloy decreased first and then increased, and the relative density and Vickers hardness decreased and then increased. As the laser power increased, the surface roughness of the titanium alloy decreased first and then increased, and the relative density and Vickers hardness increased first and then decreased. The laser energy density range suitable for SLM forming of TA32 titanium alloy was 45—75 J·mm-3.
  • Distribution Variation of Rare Earth Phase in Mg-Ce AlloyDuring Solution and Aging Treatment
    CHEN Yanfei, HUANG Shaojun, WANG Yuxiang, ZHANG Jinxiang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 56-60. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201009
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    With pure magnesium and Mg-30Ce master alloy as raw materials, the Mg-Ce alloy with 1wt% Ce was prepared by casting, and treated by solution at 420 ℃ for 8 h and aging at 200 ℃ for 20 h. The change of rare earth phase distribution in the alloy in different states was studied. The results show that the rare earth phases of the as-cast, solution-treated and aging-treated alloy were all Mg12Ce. The distribution of rare earth precipitation phases in the as-cast alloy was uneven, which was dominated by boundary precipitation and supplemented by in-grain precipitation, and the size and morphology of the precipitation phase were quite different. After solution treatment, most of the precipitated rare earth phase was soluted in the magnesium matrix, but there were still a certain number of rare earth phases at grain boundaries and in part of grains. After the aging treatment, the rare earth phase uniformly dispersed in grains, and the amount of precipitation at grain boundaries was smaller. Compared with the as-cast sample, the precipitated phase after aging was smaller in size and distributed more uniformly.
  • Mechanical Properties of Girth Welds with Defects and Causes of Two Types of Cracks in X80 Steel Gas Transmission Pipeline
    LI Liang, HUANG Lei, XU Yan, NIE Xianghui, LIU Yinglai, FENG Zhenjun, WANG Yaoguang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 61-67. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201010
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    Mechanical properties of ten girth welds with defects in X80 steel gas transmission pipelines were measured and causes of two types of cracks were analyzed. The results show that the unqualified rate of tensile strength of 10 girth welds was 10%. The unqualified rate of impact energy of the weld center was 21.7%, while the impact energy of the heat-affected zone was all qualified. The Vickers hardness of the girth weld, base metal and heat-affected zone all met the requirements, but softening occurred in the heat-affected zones. The main defects in the girth welds were incomplete fusion and cracks; the ratio of the two was 75%. The cracks included cold cracks and solidification cracks. The cold crack originated from the incomplete fusion at the weld root, and propagated under restraint stresses, leading to cracking. The reason for the solidification crack was that sulfur segregated on grain boundaries in center of the backing weld and formed low melting point eutectic phases, and then the grain boundaries cracked under tensile stresses caused by solidification shrinkage.
    • New Materials & Technology
  • Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Properties ofHot Rolled Ultra-High Strength Steel M1200HS
    PENG Huan, HU Xuewen, WANG Haibo, WANG Chengjian, SHI Dongya
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 68-72,84. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201011
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    A hot rolled ultra-high strength steel M1200HS was produced by hot rolling and online direct quenching processes. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and abrasive wear behavior in a mixture of quatz sand and water of M1200HS steel were studied and compared with those of traditional low alloy wear-resisting steels NM400 and NM450. The results show that the microstructure of M1200HS steel was martensite and very little ferrite, the size of martensite lath was large and the proportion of large angle grain boundary was small. The tensile strength and hardness of M1200HS steel were 1 387 MPa and 403 HB, respectively, which were conform to GB/T 24186-2009 standard, and almost equal to those of NM400 steel, but lower than those of NM450 steel. The wear mechanism of the three kinds of test steel was micro cutting. The abrasive wear resistance of M1200HS steel was similar to that of NM400 steel, but lower than that of NM450 steel.
    • Material Properties & Application
  • Effect of Annealing Treatment on Ratchetting Behavior of Copper
    ZHENG Wanting, WANG Ziyi, KAN Qianhua, KANG Guozheng
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 73-78. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201012
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    Strain control symmetric cyclic and stress contrd asymmetric cyclic deformation tests were carried out at room temperature on unannealed hard copper and soft copper obtained by annealing treatment. The effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and the ratchetting behavior of the copper was studied. The results show that annealing treatment increased the grain size and affected the cyclic softening/hardening characteristics of the copper. The coppers in two states showed obvious ratchetting, and the ratchetting was dependent on the level of applied stress. The increase of stress amplitude significantly affected the ratchetting strain rate in the third evolution stage of hard copper, but had little effect on the second evolution stage of soft copper. The higher the mean stress, the faster the ratcheting evolution of hard copper from the second stage to the third stage. But the effect of the mean stress on the ratchetting strain rate of soft copper in the second stage was not significant.
  • Optimization of Hot Forming Temperature of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Sheet and Microstructure and Properties of Hot Formed Part at Reasonable Temperature
    HU Xiao, WEI Ruigang, YANG Daijun, XU Songjuan, SUN Hongbo
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 79-84. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201013
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    Influence of temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was studied, and the forming quality of hot formed sheet at different temperatures was analyzed. The reasonable hot forming temperature was determined. The microstructure and tensile properties of hot formed parts at the temperature were studied. The results show that AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet could maintain the fine equiaxed structure after heat-treatment at 200 ℃, but the grains were coarsened obviously with the increase of temperature. With the increase of temperature, the strength of the alloy decreased and the plasticity increased. The plasticity and formability were good at 200 ℃. The higher the hot forming temperature, the better the forming quality of the parts. The hot formed parts had good surface quality and smaller spring back deformation at 200 ℃. The ideal hot forming temperature for AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was 200 ℃. At this temperature, the grains of the parts were refined, and the yield strength and elongation after fracture were improved.
  • Effect of Friction Condition on Friction Coefficient Between Pole ShoeMaterial of Magnetic Rail Brake and Rail Material
    WANG Mingxing, JIAO Jinan, YANG Lei, XIA Zhiyuan, LI Kun, PENG Jinfang
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 85-90. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201014
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    Friction tests were conducted on the pin-disk friction pair that was composed of cast Q235B steel for magnetic rail brake pole shoes and oil quenched hardened 45 steel. Effects of sliding speed (10-100 km·h-1), normal load (10-80 N) and lubrication condition (dry friction, water lubrication) on the friction coefficient and wear mechanism were studied. The results show that with increasing sliding speed, the friction coefficient of the friction pair became stable within 3 s. The stable friction coefficients increased first and then decreased with increasing sliding speed. But the variation range of the friction coefficients was small, which was in 0.40-0.55. The normal load had little effect on the friction coefficient. With increasing sliding speed, the wear mechanism of the Q235B steel pin sample changed from abrasive wear to adhesive wear, and increasing normal load led to more serious adhesive wear. Water lubrication during friction could reduce the friction coefficient and the wear degree.
  • Effect of Machined Surface Roughness on Fatigue Performance ofCarbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite
    FAN Wentao, CHEN Yan, CHEN Yijia, XIE Songfeng
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 91-96. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201015
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    Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) samples with different surface roughness Sa were obtained by grinding and milling (up-milling and down-milling) processes, and tensile-tension fatigue tests were carried out. The effect of machined surface roughness on fatigue performance was studied based on the stiffness degradation model. The results show that the Sa of the grinding, up-milling and down-milling samples were 1.2, 3.2, 5.9 μm, respectively. Some fibers of the 0° fiber layer of the grinding samples were missing, resulting in voids. The milling samples had many pits on the surface of the 45° fiber layer, and the pits in the down-milling samples were more and deeper. The fatigue life of the grinding samples was the highest, followed by the up-milling samples, and the down-milling samples was the lowest. With increasing Sa, the surface cracks of the CFRP samples rapidly initiated and propagated, the degradation rate of the initial stage of stiffness degradation increased, the stage I of stiffness degradation ended sooner, and the fatigue life of the samples decreased.
    • Physical Simulation & Numerical Simulation
  • Modified J-C Constitutive Model of SUS301L-MT Stainless Steel Based on Work-Heat Conversion Mechanism
    DING Haoxu, ZHU Tao, XIAO Shoune, WANG Xiaorui, YANG Guangwu, YANG Bing
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 97-103,110. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201016
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    Quasi-static tensile test with strain rate of 0.000 5 s-1 and dynamic tensile tests with strain rates of 0.1—500 s-1 were carried out on SUS301L-MT stainless steel at room temperature. The stress-strain curves of the stainless steel were obtained based on the classical J-C model fitting. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient was determined by the maximum fitting goodness and matching goodness, and the simulation accuracy of the classical J-C constitutive model was analyzed. The J-C model was modified by introducing the dynamic amplification modulus to determine the critical strain of martensitic transformation strengthening and adiabatic temperature rise softening, and the fitting results of the modified model were verified. The results show that the classical J-C constitutive model could not accurately describe the martensitic transformation strengthening effect and adiabatic temperature rise softening effect of test steel under high strain rate plastic deformation. The modified J-C constitutive model could accurately describe the mechanical behavior of the test steel when the strain rate was 0.000 5—500 s-1, and its matching goodness was as high as 0.985, indicating that the model was reasonable and effective.
  • Application of Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation Method inCarbon Steel Tensile Test
    CHEN Zhixin, PENG Xiaolong, WANG Wuxu, HUANG Cheng
    Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 2022, 46(1): 104-110. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl202201017
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    Quasi-static tensile tests at room temperature were carried out on Q235B steel, 45 steel and T8 steel. The strain and radius at necking as well as strain distribution during tension were determined by a three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) method, and were compared with the results obtained by force-displacement sensor measurement and ABAQUS finite element simulation. The results show that the strain and radius at necking of the three carbon steels in tension showed a slow first and then fast change trend, which was consistent with the tensile deformation behavior of carbon steels. The change law of strains in stretching was consistent with the finite element simulation results; the average relative error was less than 2.35%. The average relative error of strains obtained by the 3D-DIC method and by the force-displacement sensor test was 0.003%, indicating the 3D-DIC method was accurate. The distribution of strains along the x-axis and y-axis directions obtained by the 3D-DIC method was in good agreement with the finite element simulation results, but the finite element simulation was more more precise. For the strain distribution on the xy plane, the results obtained by the two methods were quite different.
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